This report is the product of a Center for Community Economic Development team project entitled " Our Collective Experience in Regional Economic Studies: 25 Years of Experience in Impact Analysis." The authors would like to thank the CNRED program leaders for their support. We would also like to thank all the people who contributed studies and references for the bibliography.

Regional Economic Impact Assessments:
An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Wisconsin Studies

Introduction

When new projects are proposed or firms relocate, local decision-makers want to know how such changes will affect their community. An economic impact study is an attempt to measure how these changes will affect the local economy and is one way to find some answers. By conducting an impact analysis, a community can prepare for subsequent changes, whether in planning for growth or decline.

The purpose of this annotated bibliography is to identify and categorize literature pertaining to previous Wisconsin economic impact studies undertaken during the past 25 years. Specifically, this bibliography fits into a larger project and that project has four basic objectives. The project was set up to -- (i) develop educational materials and programming to assist extension agents, local decision-makers and others to better understand the importance, use, and limitations of economic impact assessments; (ii) provide single-source access to the diverse array of Wisconsin-specific impact studies; (iii) integrate previous studies with current state-of-the-art techniques to assist extension agents and policy makers in improving the application of economic development strategies; and (iv) develop a set of key recommendations for future economic impact assessment needs.

In the collection phase of this project, CCED staff collected over 300 separate reports. In the process of reading and annotating these reports we decided to include only reports that directly addressed the economic impact of an event or project. Several technical reports are included which address methodological issues. Many other reports were peripherally-related to economic impacts, but were not included in this bibliography. Reports that were not included focused on marketing, labor markets, visitor characteristics, origin-destination, constituency, trend, business climate, business services, and demographic issues. Many of these studies might be useful as background material and some may contain valuable sources of data for conducting economic impact analyses but they were excluded because they did not conduct or discuss the application of impact analysis.

The following bibliography contains 191 reports arranged into seven basic categories. These sections are arranged so that the reader can focus on specific topics. Section I outlines fifteen reports under the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries category. Section II outlines government-related reports. These eighteen reports concern such topics as the University of Wisconsin, a prison, and a proposed dam. Manufacturing reports in Section III contains three reports. Section IV outlines 22 reports that are classified in a miscellaneous category. These reports cover such topics as mergers and acquisitions and nonprofits. Section V on Recreation is divided into seven subsections including Conversion, Fairs, General recreation topics such as economic development and scenic values, Land, Specific recreation topics such as the EAA Air Adventure Museum, Visitors and Water. Section VI concerns services and retail and section VII outlines transportation reports. Some reports can be found in two or three of the above mentioned sections.

To obtain copies of any of these reports, please contact the Center for Community Economic Development at (608) 265-8136.

1. Barrows, R. L. et. al. 1973. Wisconsin Natural Resource Policy Issues: An Economic Perspective. Working Paper No. 6. Madison, WI: Center for Resource Policy Studies and Programs, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

This report focused on the use of natural resources and public policies that protect and guide them. This report developed and recommended public policies that would be effective and feasible in guiding the use of those resources to benefit economic activities. The report aimed to look at policies that would resolve conflicts between natural resource utilization and urbanization and recreation use. State-level policies were the focus of this report. The economic activities that were examined and analyzed included agriculture, forestry and mining. Secondary data and findings from other research was used in the analysis.

2. Deller, S. 1995. Status of Wisconsin Farming: The Contribution of Agriculture to the Wisconsin Economy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Using input-output analysis, this study analyzed the impact of agriculture on the Wisconsin economy. The study aimed to determine how agriculture contributes to the economy through inter-industry linkages, not only how it directly contributes to the economy. The study found that on-farm production and agricultural processing have a significant impact on the state's economy and are two important and related industries.

3. Deller, S., A. Roth, and E. Jesse. 1994. Economic Issues: The Contribution of Dairy to the Wisconsin Economy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.

In this fact sheet, the contribution of the dairy industry to the Wisconsin economy is estimated using an input-output approach. Dairy farming and manufacturing directly contributes about $10 billion to Wisconsin's economy with an additional $7 billion coming from other industries that are linked to dairy.

4. Graf, T. F. 1982. Economic Impact of Cheese. No. 208. Madison, WI: Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin.

According to the author, the dairy industry has been confronted with a number of problems. One of these problems is the extent and use of imitation cheese. A major ingredient of imitation cheese, casein, is an imported product and is half the price of domestic nonfat milk solids used in natural cheese. Retail prices reflect the low cost of imitation cheese. The report concluded that casein importation was likely to continue and its use increase.

5. Kroenke, M., N. R. Sumathi, D. Marcouiller, G. Wengert, and J. Martin. 1996. Timber Production and Wood Processing: The Florence County Economy. CCED Extension Report 96.1. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Three separate fact sheets were prepared concerning the Florence County Economy. This fact sheet is the first in the series and looks at the significance of forest resources on the local economy, Florence County. With the use of an input-output model, MicroIMPLAN, and 1992 data, the rippling effects on the total economy due to a change in the forest sector was modeled. The fact sheet presents how an import substitution strategy or a "buy local" strategy can affect the economy. With a 1% change in the value of imported inputs, direct and indirect benefits are equivalent to generating an additional 1 1/2 jobs, and $111,000 in local sales, over $23,000 in wages, and over $41,000 in all types of income.

6. Leatherman, J. 1995. At Work in The Kickapoo Valley: Agriculture and Food Processing. Madison, WI: The Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This is one of four fact sheets prepared to better understand the Kickapoo Valley economy. This agriculture and food processing fact sheet underscores the importance of these sectors to the area economy and to each other. The link between food processing and agriculture is significant in terms of local sales, that is agriculture selling produce to local food processors which adds value to farm commodities and the area captures a greater share of the final price of the products. Through the use of input-output modeling, one can see the impact of reducing farm programs in the area.

7. ---------. 1995. At Work in The Kickapoo Valley: Forestry and Forest Processing. Madison, WI: The Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This fact sheet is one of four prepared to understand the Kickapoo Valley economy. This fact sheet reports that an opportunity exists to support local processing sectors in the Valley. The input-output model of the Valley shows that forestry production and processing is an untapped market. In addition, it shows that forestry production is selling to processors outside the area which could be captured locally if new businesses were created or existing businesses expanded. Outreach efforts could assist existing processors to expand their businesses.

8. Leatherman, J. C. and D.W. Marcouiller. 1996. "Income Distribution Characteristics of Rural Economic Sectors: Implications for Local Development Policy." Growth and Change 27(4):434-59.

Recent trends suggest increasing reliance on private markets to provide for local economic well-being. This paper demonstrates the study of regional household income distribution patterns associated with productive activities important to many rural areas. A social accounting matrix analysis was used to examine agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forest products processing, and tourism in a small rural region in Southwestern Wisconsin to illustrate the variable distributional characteristics of private market structures and related local economic development policy. The ability of local policy to influence distributional patterns is implied to the extent that local action can facilitate variable growth rates of targeted economic sectors.

9. Leatherman, J. and D. Marcouiller. 1996. "Persistent Poverty and Natural Resource Dependence: Rural Development Policy Analysis That Incorporates Income Distribution." Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 26(2):73-93.

This paper discussed prospects for rural economic development and the use of social accounting matrix analysis to identify the distributional characteristics of local markets and development programs in natural resource-dependent regions. A SAM was used to examine the distributional characteristics associated with local economic development policies targeting agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forestry processing, and tourism for a small rural region in Wisconsin. The analysis also investigated the distributional impacts associated with simultaneous and variable change between economic sectors, and the impediments to development that dependence on a disproportionately large economic sector presents. The results suggested that the distributional impacts vary by sector. SAM analysis was a means whereby local development policies can incorporate information important to addressing questions of lagging rural income growth.

10. Marcouiller, D. W., W. C. Norman, A. Anderson, and A. Stoecker. 1996. Valuing Management Attributes of a Trout Fishery Resource: Differences Between Local and Non-Local Anglers. May 18-23, 1996. University Park, PN: Paper presented at the 6th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resources.

This study used logistic regression and a dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey focused on fishery resource attributes as perceived by anglers in Southwestern Wisconsin during the 1995 angling season to develop nonmarket resource valuation measures. Local anglers were shown to be significantly different from non-local anglers in many respects. Of particular interest were differences in the economic values associated with resource attributes that are manipulated through fisheries management activities.

11. Marcouiller, D. W. and J.C. Stier. 1996. Forest Management Alternatives and Income Distribution in the Lake States. Staff Paper Series #48. Madison, WI: Department of Forestry, University of Wisconsin.

This staff paper lays the conceptual framework for assessing income distribution and public goods production resulting from alternative forest management regimes in 101 counties of Northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The study region is delineated by forest type and represents the forested region of the Lake States. A social accounting matrix with extensions to computable general equilibrium analysis is presented as an approach which allows estimation of income distribution and general equilibrium impacts.

12. Marcouiller, David W. and S.C. Deller. 1997. "Natural Resource Stocks, Flows, and Regional Economic Change: Seeing the Forest and the Trees." Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 26(2):95-116.

The use of regional science and its corresponding tools to examine issues affecting natural resource-dependent regions are reviewed and critiqued. Particular attention is drawn to the increased importance of non-market uses of these natural resources. The authors suggest that because most regional science tools are market-based, the increased importance of non-market uses of these resources is overlooked in policy analysis. In addition to reviewing this issue, the authors outline a method to explicitly capture the non-market aspects of natural resources within a regional economic model.

13. Morgan, D. S. et al. 1972. An Economic Perspective of Rusk County Resources. Working Paper No. 2. Madison, WI: Center for Resource Policy Studies, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

This report assessed the economic prospects of Rusk County. It examined several areas of the local economy: forest resources and wood-using industries, recreation, agriculture, and copper mining. In addition, public attitudes were assessed concerning various proposed resource development projects. Because of the nature of other economic activities in Rusk County, this report concluded that recreation had the greatest potential for development. However, public policies would need strengthening in order to create an appropriate environment to encourage tourism and recreation development.

14. Otto, D. and J. Lawrence. 1994. Economic Importance of Wisconsin's Pork Industry. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Extension.

An input-output analysis was conducted in the study on the pork industry in Wisconsin. The report looked at both backward and forward linkages related to the industry. In terms of pork production, the report estimated a total of $550.5 million of direct and indirect economic activity in the state's economy. In terms of employment, the report estimated 1,768 jobs directly related to pork producing and an additional 5,700 jobs created throughout the rest of the economy. When the forward linkages into the meatpacking industry are included in the calculations, a total of 32,500 jobs are estimated in addition to $3.29 billion of gross economic output. Clearly, the pork industry has had an enormous impact on Wisconsin's economy and will continue to do so if the state can maintain its share of the pork industry.

15. Prey, J. and T. Lohr. 1988. The Wisconsin Water Quantity Resources Management Plan: Report No. 5, Economic Overview of Wisconsin Water Resources. Madison, WI: Bureau of Water Resources Management, Department of Natural Resources.

This report compiled and analyzed existing economic impact literature related to Wisconsin's water resources. Six economic sectors were examined to understand the impact of water resources including aesthetics and recreation, commercial fishing, commercial navigation, industrial, irrigation and agriculture, and power generation. The report concludes that water is a key factor in the state's economy and additional research is necessary for a better detailed quantification of economic value of water.

1. Aderman, M. 1988. The U.W. Indianhead Arts Center A Case Study of Travel and Spending Behavior of Students and Staff. Shell Lake, WI: U.W. Indianhead Arts Center.

This study looked at the impact of the U.W. Indianhead Arts Center on the Shell Lake area. The authors surveyed participants at the Center to obtain information about the participants and their expenditure patterns. The resulting analysis showed that direct and indirect spending totaled $310,500 on the local economy.

2. Buss, Terry F. and S. Dwivedi. 1997. "Military Base Closings and Economic Development." Commentary Spring:19-26.

This article assessed impact studies that have analyzed military based closings and redevelopment efforts. The article found the impact studies made base closures appear far more severe than they were. Many of the reports misused multipliers, used unrealistic assumptions and suffered from a lack of understanding of regional economic forces. Redevelopment efforts all too often focused only on the bases rather than taking a broader view. The articles closed with six rules as common sense reminders when a base closure is imminent.

3. Deller, S. C., D.W. Marcouiller, and G. Green. 1997. "The Influence of Recreational Housing Development on Local Government Finances." Annals of Tourism Research 24(3):1-19.

The primary objective of this study was to identify the impact of recreational housing development on the financial position of local governments within a rural setting. Using Census data for Wisconsin counties, a "holistic" type model of fiscal impact was specified and estimated. Results suggest that recreational housing development just pays for itself in terms of the ability of local governments to generate revenues when compared to the demands placed on services, as measured by expenditures.

4. Human Capital Research Corporation. 1996. Wisconsin's Independent Colleges and Universities: An Economic and Community Impact Study. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Association of Independent Colleges and Universities.

This study of Wisconsin's Independent Colleges and Universities used input-output analysis to understand economic impact. A Wisconsin Input-Output table was developed from a 1987 benchmark USIO table and regionalized through a standard location quotient update method. This study found that these 21 colleges and universities and resident alumni spent $8.4 billion annually in Wisconsin, that the state's investment of $975 million was leveraged 100 times, that these institutions spend $722 million in direct purchases from other industries of which 90% is purchased in-state. Aside from economic contributions, over 57,000 students, faculty and staff operated almost 1,300 community programs providing library access, volunteer services, and an equivalent of $20 million through pro bono work.

5. Kennedy, P. A. 1982. Public Sector Bargaining and the Economic Impact of Binding Arbitration in Selected Wisconsin School Districts. Thesis. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.

This research looked into the economic impact of binding arbitration on school districts. Specifically, amendments to the Wisconsin Employment Relations Act were assessed as to their impact on school districts. A survey was sent to school districts around the state of Wisconsin. The amendments did not affect dollar amounts in salary schedules, single and family health insurance premiums, and the inclusion of dental insurance. The amendments did affect the length of time involved in the bargaining process and the use of outside negotiators.

6. Kroenke, M., N.R. Sumathi, D. Marcouiller, G. Wengert, and J. Martin. 1996. The Public Sector: The Florence County Economy. CCED Extension Report 96.3. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Three separate fact sheets were prepared concerning the Florence County Economy. This fact sheet is the third in the series and looks at the effect of reducing income maintenance programs in the County. The purpose of this fact sheet is to show the importance of the government sector in the total economy of a county. The input-output model is used to model this reduction. Area businesses would experience a reduction in sales in 1992 totaling about $261,000 in addition to $53,000 in employee's wages and $154,000 in all types of income. When indirect spending reductions are accounted for, further reductions are seen for sales, wages and all types of income of $105,000, $22,000, and $57,000, respectively. With respect to employment, a total of 8 jobs would be lost.

7. Mid-State Associates, Inc. 1996. Preliminary Economic Impact Statement for Proposed Prison in Boscobel, Wisconsin. Baraboo, WI.

In this study of a proposed prison in Boscobel, MSA conducted interviews, looked at tax information, and prison budgets from around the state. This preliminary study determined, through a series of assumptions and simple calculations, that existing businesses would increase retail sales, that short-term gain in jobs would occur due to construction, that the fiscal impact to the area would exceed $6 million, that population would grow by about 70 households in the area, and that local tax revenues would increase by about $36,000. Due to an increase in population, a small number of rental units and single family homes would be needed. The report concluded that the prison would have a positive benefit to the area.

8. Norman, W. and D. Marcouiller. 1994. Expenditure Patterns of School of the Arts At Rhinelander Participants. Madison, WI : Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study examined at the expenditure patterns of students and faculty while a part of a week long School of the Arts summer program at Rhinelander, WI. Total expenditures from students and faculty were about $90,000. Students and faculty spent the most on lodging, restaurants, bars, gifts and souvenirs. There is an opportunity for the tourism industry to develop vacation packages before and after this summer session.

9. Phillips, G. D. 1977. Environmental Assessment of the Kickapoo River Impoundment II: An Assessment of Economic Impact. IES Report 91. Madison, WI: Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin.

This report empirically examines the impact of the proposed and then terminated Kickapoo River flood control and recreation reservoir project. The report is divided into six parts. Part one analyzes real estate activity in the area of the site using an econometric model. Part two examines the developmental experience of other man-made lakes in the area. Part three uses a qualitative analyses to examine the experience of six villages in the vicinity of the dam. Part four examines the effect on local highways from recreation use. Part five analyzes the impact of land acquisition for the project on the local property tax base, fiscal capacity and current property tax burden. Finally, in part six, alternative development plans are studied to see if they might provide economic benefit to the area. This report offers a methodology that can be used for evaluating projects in advance of construction.

10. Research and Planning Consultants, Inc. 1983. Forecast of Future Conditions, Socioeconomic Assessment, Crandon Project. prepared for Exxon Minerals Company.

This proposed mining project in northern Wisconsin was analyzed for its potential socioeconomic impacts over the life of the project, estimated at 40 years. The report used a variety of techniques for the different areas studied. The report assessed employment, income, demographics, housing and land use, public facilities and services, transportation, Native American communities, local governments' fiscal position. The economic model is based on a national input-output model that was adapted for local analysis. The conclusion of this report was that the project would have net positive benefits.

11. Rosen, M. I., W.A. Strang and J. Kramer. 1985. The University of Wisconsin-Madison and the Local and State Economies: A Second Look. Monograph No. 20. Madison, WI: Graduate School of Business, University of Wisconsin.

In an earlier 1971 study, the authors were surprised at the extent of the economic impact of UW-Madison on Dane County's economy. This study found that UW-Madison's impact continued to be large. The total impact, direct and indirect, on Dane County was estimated at $1.41 billion per year. In addition, over 40,000 jobs in Dane County were due to UW-Madison. The study looked at UW-Madison spending, employee spending, student spending and visitor spending. Two surprises came out of this study, the role of University Hospital and Clinics and the size of the visitor impact.

12. Strang, W. A. 1990. Economic Impact 1990: University of Wisconsin - Madison Medical Center. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics.

This study reported on the significant, combined economic impact of the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, the UW Medical School and UW physicians. It was estimated that the state-wide economic impact amounted to more than one-half billion dollars. In terms of Medical Center spending, the total direct and indirect spending was $420 million in Dane County. The number of jobs generated by the Medical Center is equally large with 8,900 jobs generated directly and an additional 13,000 jobs generated indirectly in Dane County.

13. -------. 1995. Economic Impact 1995: University of Wisconsin - Madison Center for Health Sciences. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics.

This study reported on the significant, combined economic impact of the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, the UW Medical School and UW physicians. It was estimated that the state-wide economic impact amounted to $921 million per year. In terms of Center for Health Sciences spending, the total direct and indirect spending was $737 million in Dane County. The number of jobs generated by the Center for Health Sciences is equally large with about 9,200 jobs generated directly and an additional 15,000 jobs generated indirectly in Dane County.

14. Strang, W. A. and D.C. Sobottka. 1991. The Economic Impact of U.W. Madison - An Update. Madison, WI: Graduate School of Business, University of Wisconsin.

This study was an update of an earlier one done in 1985 by Rosen, Strang and Kramer. Source of spending for this report included institutional (operating expenses and capital), construction, employees, students, and visitors. This study found the net impact of the University on Dane County totaled about $2.5 billion.

15. Strang, W. A., D.L. Funk, and M.M. Onofrio. 1997. Economic Impact of the University of Wisconsin System. Madison, WI: Bureau of Business Research, School of Business, University of Wisconsin.

Unlike previous studies undertaken by the same author, this study examined the entire UW System rather than the impacts of one campus. The study looked at short-term and long-term impacts to the state economy. In order to carry out this analysis, data was collected, other studies assessed and previous multipliers were used from a 1985 study when necessary. The study was divided into two large chapters, one chapter dealt with the effects on the Wisconsin economy and the other chapter dealt with the value of a UW education. According to this study, the UW system represents a major economic force with an annual impact of $8.2 billion on the state economy and resulting in 145,000 jobs not including the jobs within the UW system.

16. Strang, W. A. and M. Puri. 1996. Economic Impact of the Kohl Center on Dane County Economy. Madison, WI: Bureau of Business Research, School of Business, University of Wisconsin.

According to this study, the Kohl Center will have a significant impact on the economy of Dane County. This study used a multiplier method to estimate total new income and jobs in the economy. The economic multipliers that were used are from earlier UW impact studies. During the construction phase of the Kohl Center, the study estimated a total economic impact of $147 million and a total of 700 jobs supported over the two year period. Once fully operational, the Kohl Center was estimated to generate $56.6 million in annual economic activity and to support about 750 jobs each year.

17. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1986. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Exxon Coal and Minerals Co. Zinc-Copper Mine, Crandon, Wisconsin. Madison, WI.

This Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), based on previous reports, assessed the impact of a proposed mine in the area of Crandon, Wisconsin. The impacts to the sociocultural environment are reported. Specifically, occupational structure, turnover rates, views of permanent and seasonal residents, impacts to tourism and recreation, public services, the transportation system, human services, local government fiscal position, housing, employment, income, and population are assessed. The EIS found that the min would be an important new source of employment, adding about $12 million in wages and an additional 934 jobs to the area.

1. Deller, S. and M. Shields. 1996. The Wisconsin Extension Fiscal Impact Model: Preliminary Results. Madison, WI: Dept. Of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

In this preliminary report, a hybrid model of local government revenues and expenditures for Wisconsin counties and municipalities is developed. Designed with the intent of providing estimates of the impact of economic change on local governments, the fiscal model is linked to a regional (county) input-output model. These regional IO models are based on MicroIMPLAN. An example scenario of an increase in manufacturing employment for St. Croix County Wisconsin is estimated.

2. Janke, J. and S. Deller. 1995. The Contribution of Manufacturing to the St. Croix County Economy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

IMPLAN, an input-output model, was used to study the contribution of manufacturing to the St. Croix county economy. Contrary to national trends, the authors found that manufacturing was becoming increasingly important in the county economy. The study found that manufacturing contributed $162 million directly to income and an additional $128 million through indirect and induced effects. In terms of employment, through direct, indirect and induced effects, a total of 4,720 jobs were generated.

3. Vierbicher Associates, Inc. 1996. Economic Impact Analysis, Advanced Transformer, Platteville, Wisconsin. Fennimore, WI: Grant County Economic Development Corporation.

Advance Transformer's Platteville facility was slated to shut down at the end of 1996. With a total loss of 650 jobs during the shut down period, the Grant County Economic Development Corporation requested a study to understand how this loss would effect Platteville and how other industrial prospects could mitigate negative effects. The study examined output per production hour of three firms, Advanced Transformer and two prospects, as well as payroll per employee, wages per production worker, and value of shipments. A number of tables were used to compare these statistics and others for the three firms.

1. Barrows, R. L. and G.W. Morse. 1977. Community Growth Policy: Economic Impacts of Growth Policy Choices. North Central Regional Publication No. 79. Columbus, OH: U.S Department of Agriculture and Cooperative Extension Services of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.

This extension publication discussed the economics of growth on localities. The report had three objectives: to discuss the economics of growth and no-growth, to relate the variety of policy options available to local governments, and to discuss policy options for communities that want to control growth. The first section of the report discussed the impacts of growth on employment, income and public finance. The subsequent sections focused on policy options and changing the rules. The final section summarized the benefits and costs of growth and emphasized that local action was necessary to provide guidance.

2. Crandon Mining Company. 1995. Environmental Impact Report, Volume II, Report Narrative, Crandon Project. Foth & Van Dyke.

This section of the Environmental Impact Report presented an analysis and discussion of the potential socioeconomic impacts of the proposed Crandon Mine. The analysis compares the baseline or "without project" conditions to three "with" project scenarios which included a minimum, a maximum and a middle level workforce. Population, employment, housing, government structure and public finance, study area school districts, public facilities and services, water and sanitation, and Native American communities were analyzed. Each area was analyzed using a different analytical model.

3. Dahl, D. L. and G.T. Tzougros. 1986. "The Wisconsin Arts Industry: An Economic Perspective." Master's Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

This study examined the impact of the arts on the Wisconsin economy. Several objectives were achieved: identifying the scope of the arts, profiling the arts audience, and measuring the economic importance of the art industry. In 1986 more people attended arts related events than major sports events. Total economic impact totaled about $182 million.

4. Deller, S. 1995. "Economic Impact of Retirement Migration." Economic Development Quarterly 9:25-38.

This article used the regional economic modeling system, REMI, to analyze the economic impact of migrating retirees to the state of Maine. Through a hypothetical policy simulation, implicit economic multipliers are generated for use in policy analysis. A policy that would increase retirees migrating to Maine would have a substantial impact on the regional economy.

5. Deller, S. C., N.R. Sumathi, and D.W. Marcouiller. 1993. Regional Economic Models for the State of Wisconsin: An Application of the Micro-IMPLAN Modeling System. Staff Paper 93.6. Madison, WI: Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report described the Micro-IMPLAN Modeling System developed by the USDA Forest Service. The basics of input-output models and the IMPLAN model are described. IMPLAN is applied to a representative county in Wisconsin, Brown County. Then, an example impact analysis is conducted to show how input-output models and specifically IMPLAN can be used as a tool for policy analysis.

6. Hustedde, R., R. Shaffer, and G. Pulver. 1993. Community Economic Analysis: A How to Manual. Revised Edition. Ames, Iowa: North Central Regional Center for Rural Development.

This how to manual brings together a variety of techniques that can assist an individual in analyzing a community's economy. The manual is presented in an easy to read format. A series of questions are posed to understand why a particular method might be used, how it is used, and how its results can be interpreted. In addition, there are examples which illustrate each method. The methods which are presented include: multipliers, trade area analysis, location quotients, and shift share analysis. There is a discussion of economic development strategies as well which places the use of these techniques in context.

7. Janke, J. and S. Deller. 1996. Structural Analysis of the St. Croix County Economy: With Insights to Economic Development Strategies. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The authors used an input-output model of regional economies, IMPLAN, to study St. Croix county. Their purpose is to better develop and refine economic development strategies. Import substitution as a strategy was explored specifically. In addition, they took a careful look at economic multipliers for the county. They concluded that 35% of all businesses make purchases from outside the county with manufacturing and agriculture both the largest importers and exporters. Import substitution was suggested as a possible economic development strategy.

8. Kotenbeutel, R. C. 1980. Economic Impact of Industrial Revenue Bond Usage in Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Department of Business Development, State of Wisconsin.

In 1979 the author assessed the economic impact of industrial revenue bond (IRB) usage in Wisconsin. At the time of the study, use of IRBs had been used in Wisconsin for about 6 years. IRBs were intended to induce manufacturing growth by offering financing for the construction, expansion or equipping of industrial facilities. This report found that 11,000 new manufacturing jobs were created due to IRBs, that 90% of IRBS were used for expansion purposes and that rural municipalities accounted for 54% of the volume of sales.

9. Marcouiller, D. W. 1996. The Seasonality of Labor Use in Rural Tourism Regions. June 1-3, 1995. St. Louis, MO: Paper presented at the 1995 Mid-continent Regional Science Association.

This study used monthly 1993 ES-202 data on employment and a standard deviation approach to develop an index of annual seasonality in labor use among four Wisconsin regions. In addition to statewide data, these regions included three counties in Northern Wisconsin, Door County and the Wisconsin Dells. Labor use of characteristic tourism types are compared and contrasted with respect to 1 digit SIC categories.

10. Marcouiller, D. W., G. Green, S. Deller, N.R. Sumathi, and D. Erkkila. 1996. Recreational Homes and Regional Development: A Case Study From the Upper Great Lakes States. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study used focus group interviews, mail surveys, and secondary data to develop a better understanding of the implications of second homes in Wisconsin and Minnesota during late 1994. A unique aspect of this research was the combined assessment of both recreational homeowners and residents of rural communities that experience large seasonal populations of recreational homeowners. Whereas primary data sources were specific to Forest County, Wisconsin, generalizations are made to the Lake States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The focus is on socioeconomic implications that address development strategies, land use options, and satisfaction/performance of publicly provided goods and services.

11. Morgan, D. S. et al. 1972. An Economic Perspective of Rusk County Resources. Working Paper No. 2. Madison, WI: Center for Resource Policy Studies, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

This report assessed the economic prospects of Rusk County. It examined several areas of the local economy: forest resources and wood-using industries, recreation, agriculture, and copper mining. In addition, public attitudes were assessed concerning various proposed resource development projects. Because of the nature of other economic activities in Rusk County, this report concluded that recreation had the greatest potential for development. However, public policies would need strengthening in order to create an appropriate environment to encourage tourism and recreation development.

12. North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1992. Lake Wazeecha Economic Impact Study. Wausau, WI.

In this study three physical improvement alternatives are evaluated for Lake Wazeecha in Wood County. The analysis used benefit-cost analysis to estimate both economic and fiscal impacts. The analysis assessed repairing the dam, doing nothing, and removing the dam. The results yielded some difficult decisions about choosing an alternative. Repairing the dam showed the highest economic return and the highest fiscal cost. The "do nothing" alternative produced an economic return and some fiscal costs. The "remove the dam" alternative produced no economic return, but a fiscal benefit in the short-term.

13. Powers, J. and R. Cooper. 1976. Waupaca Chain-o-Lakes Second Home Owners: Expenditures, Perceptions, Characteristics, and Economic Impact. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This analysis of second home owners provided important information about the home owners and their expenditure patterns. The study was carried out through the use of a mail survey. The study concluded that second home owners have had a positive impact on the local economy contributing over $1 million annually.

14. Preissing, J., D.W. Marcouiller, G. Green, S. Deller, and N.R. Sumathi. 1996. Recreational Homeowners and Regional Development: A Comparison of Two Northern Wisconsin Counties. Madison, WI: Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This was a companion report to "Recreational homeowners and regional development: A case study of the Upper Great Lake States." Instead of comparing residents and recreational homeowners, this study compared characteristics of recreational homeowners in Burnett County, Wisconsin (Northeastern Wisconsin) with recreational homeowners in Forest County, Wisconsin (Northwest Wisconsin). A similar mail survey was used to identify different information sources, expenditure patterns, and perceptions of regional development. The report concluded that recreational homeowners benefit local businesses with expenditures ranging from $2,400 to $3,400 per year. Because recreational homeowners make up a large percentage of the total number of housing units in rural Northern Wisconsin, including such homeowners in the decision-making process can be important.

15. Prey, J. and T. Lohr. 1988. The Wisconsin Water Quantity Resources Management Plan: Report No. 5, Economic Overview of Wisconsin Water Resources. Madison, WI: Bureau of Water Resources Management, Department of Natural Resources.

This report compiled and analyzed existing economic impact literature related to Wisconsin's water resources. Six economic sectors were examined to understand the impact of water resources including aesthetics and recreation, commercial fishing, commercial navigation, industrial, irrigation and agriculture, and power generation. The report concludes that water is a key factor in the state's economy and additional research is necessary for a better detailed quantification of economic value of water.

16. Reynolds, P. and S. White. 1993. Wisconsin's Entrepreneurial Climate Study: Summary Report. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University and University of Wisconsin.

According to this report, about the same number of new Wisconsin firms are conceived as the number of new Wisconsin citizens, 150,000. This report confirmed several patterns of entrepreneurship. Among these patterns are entrepreneurship is a major source of new jobs, new sales, and new out-of-state exports, and one in three new firms are high growth. Over 1,200 individuals were interviewed for this project to explore perceptions about the entrepreneurial climate. These individuals in turn identified nascent and discouraged entrepreneurs who were interviewed about their experience in trying to start a new firm. Although a major focus of this report was to look at gender and minority issues related to entrepreneurship, the report estimated the direct impact of new firms on jobs and sales which totaled 40,000 and $3 billion, respectively.

17. Stanley, C. E. and R.A. Erickson. 1977. Decision Structure for Assessment of the Economic Impact of Water Quality Strategies in an Industrial Watershed. Technical Report: Wis WRC 77-07. Madison, WI: Water Resources Center, University of Wisconsin.

This complex study used linear programming and an econometric model to examine the costs of selecting watershed management strategies in the Milwaukee area that would ameliorate pollution generated from various industries. The study identified three specific objectives: "To estimate minimum costs required to meet specific levels of allowable discharge for a specific group of pollution abatement strategies...; to compare the effects of specific pollution abatement measures on environmental quality of pollution abatement costs; (and) to specify and examine intensively the major residual categories and the associated target levels." The report found that lack of data was a drawback but presents directions for future work. More industries need inclusion before residuals-environmental quality management models can provide adequate information for decision-makers.

18. Stauber, R. 1984. Local Fiscal Impacts of Mobile Home Parks. Madison, WI: Department of Governmental Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This paper examined the relationship between municipal finance in Wisconsin and tax exempt property, particularly in relation to mobile home parks. Because mobile home parks have suffered from an image problem and were tax exempt, municipalities have claimed that such parks place excessive demands on them. This paper was an attempt to dispel this myth and presented a wide range of alternative revenues which were available to fund municipal services and capital costs of mobile home parks.

19. Tanner, T. 1995. Survey of Douglas County Nonprofits: Needs Assessment and Economic Impact. Superior, WI: Center for Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

In this study, nonprofit organizations in Douglas County were surveyed to determine their needs and concerns and to assess their economic impact. The survey instrument included questions about their organizational characteristics, their financial impact and their needs. The survey found that children/youth are primarily served by nonprofits, that nonprofits had an average annual budget of about $600,000 in 1994, they employed about 12 full-time staff, and spent about $80,000 in Douglas County in 1994. Training and workshops on resource development, grant writing, marketing/PR, plan development and management were some important areas for nonprofits in Douglas County.

20. Wagner, J., S. Deller, and G. Alward. 1992. "Estimating Economic Impacts Using Industry and Household Expenditures." Journal of the Community Development Society 23: 2):79-102.

Community development practitioners can assess economic impacts with a number of techniques. This study used input-output (I/O) modeling technique to show how expenditure information contained in the I/O accounts can generate more information about a change in policy or an event than only calculating economic multipliers. The authors used an example of a proposed power plant in Bucksport, Maine to show how expenditure pattern information obtained from I/O accounts can generate useful information. This article provides an explanation of input-output accounts and how to derive expenditure information from them. The Maine study provided more detailed information to the public debate concerning the power plant.

21. Weiss, D. E. 1976. " A Simulation of the Economic Impact of a Classified Property Tax on Taxpayers of Dane County, Wisconsin." University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

This dissertation simulated the economic impact of a classified property tax on taxpayers in Dane County. Classified property tax systems do not require uniformity of assessment among property categories. The author assessed Grasskamp's proposed tax on land and weighting system by comparing the present ad valorem system with this new classified system. Absolute and relative shifts of tax burden was assessed as well. The author found that large tax shifts occurred with the weighting system and taxes were distributed differently depending on the system used. The classified property tax, he concluded, may have potential as a land use control device, because of the ability of assigning weights to land uses.

22. Wisconsin Department of Development. 1990. Economic Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions in Wisconsin: 1978-1989. Research Paper RP-90-1. Madison, WI: Division of Research and Planning.

Because of the general perception that mergers and acquisitions were having a negative impact on the Wisconsin economy, this study analyzed employment and wage data from 1978 to 1986 to determine if there were any negative effects. A statistical regression technique was used in this analysis. In addition, the study sought to determine if there was a difference between hostile mergers and acquisitions and friendly ones. The study found that on average 9,400 jobs and $220 million in payroll were affected each year. Loss of employment due to an out-of state acquisition was statistically significant; and hostile acquisitions resulted in a larger loss of employment than a friendly takeover.

1. Geiger, T. and A. Kempen. 1988. Lincoln County Winter Marketing Study. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The purpose of this conversion study was to find out the effectiveness of advertising in the Milwaukee Journal Wisconsin Magazine. A sample of people requesting the Lincoln County winter brochure were surveyed. In addition to determining if people who requested the brochure visited Lincoln County, the survey asked about winter activity preferences, length of stay, frequency and money spent on these trips, and the types of media visitors used to obtain vacation information.

2. Gray, J. 1991. 1990 Wisconsin Dells Conversion Study. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study looked at the cost effectiveness of magazine advertising for the Wisconsin Dells area. It looked at expenditures of visitors, a visitor profile, and cost effectiveness of advertising. This study concluded that magazines were the best way to get first time visitors to the Dells.

3. Gray, J., M. Mistele, and S. Hamilton. 1988. Dells Area Inquiry Analysis . Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study surveyed individuals who had requested visitor information from the Wisconsin Dells Visitor Bureau. The surveys show how many of those people actually visited the Dells and analyzed the cost of advertising for the dollars spent in the Dells by visitors. The survey showed a $75 return for every $1 of advertising spent.

4. Gray, J. and S. Hamilton. 1990. Converting Advertising Into Dollars. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report assessed how advertising dollars were used and attempted to measure the return on the advertising investment based on visitor interviews. The report provides a visitor profile as well. The study found that the return on investment amounted to $40.83. Newspaper ads were the most cost-effective with a return of $140.28 for every dollar invested.

5. Gray, J., S. Hamilton, K. Mueller, and D. Monson. 1985. Dells Area Inquiry Analysis. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study surveyed individuals who had requested visitor information from the Wisconsin Dells Visitor Bureau. The surveys showed how many of those people actually visited the Dells and analyzed the cost of advertising for the dollars spent in the Dells by visitors. The study found that the visitors who responded to advertising spent about $32.6 million. The return on investment was estimated at $76.73.

6. Hamilton, S., J. Bauer, L. Larson, and L. Pagliaro. 1991. 1991 Wisconsin Dells Television Advertising Conversion Study. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This authors of this study sent a survey to people who called the Dells visitors and Convention Bureau in response to television advertising. The survey measured the effectiveness of television advertising in attracting responses and visitors to the Dells area. On average, the return on investment was $29 and represented 3.4 % of estimated gross sales, which is lower than the national average.

7. Sumathi, N. R. and R. Orton. 1992. Advertising Conversion Study: An Informational and Economic Analysis of Oneida County Visitors. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Because tourism promotion is a common way to promote a destination, organizations need to know whether their dollars spent on promotion are effective. For this report, a mail survey was sent to inquirers of the Oneida County Visitors Bureau. Respondents were asked about the effectiveness of advertising, their information sources about Onieda County, their home county or state, their destination in Oneida County, their party size, average party expenditures, their favorite recreational activities, and their attitudes related to eco-tourism, cultural heritage, and historical attractions. Average party expenditures totaled $638 with Illinois residents outspending Wisconsin residents by about $200. The results indicated that for every advertising dollar, the increase in sales was $2.06 in the form of visitor expenditures in Oneida County.

1. Cottingham, J., H. Moyer, T. Roper, M. Venkateswaran, and R. Parish. 1996. Analysis of Agricultural Festivals In Wisconsin: Organization, Management Practices, and Social and Economic Impacts. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study looked at agricultural festivals in Wisconsin, particularly the Strawberry festival in Cedarburg, to understand the visitor profile and their expenditure habits. In addition, the study looked at how local business owners viewed the festival and how the festival could be improved. Finally ten festival directors were surveyed to understand how successful festivals are operated. Expenditures of visitors averaged $90 for daytrippers and $200 for overnight guests. This study failed tot take the step to measure economic impacts, although it is a specific objective of the study.

2. Gray, J., D. Sprehn, and S. Hamilton. 1990. 1990 Warrens Cranberry Festival Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This visitor profile was generated from a sampling of people that were interviewed at the festival. Expenditure patterns were evaluated as well. The average dollars spent per day per person was estimated at $32.18.

3. Gray, J., J. Higgins, and S. Hamilton. 1986. 1986 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sampling of people (2,100) who attended the State Fair were interviewed to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure pattern. The study found that visitors spent about $23.2 million in the Milwaukee area during the fair with $15.7 million spent at the fair.

4. Gray, J. and K. Jensen. 1985. 1984 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sampling of people (1,343) who attended the State Fair were interviewed to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure pattern. About $15.6 million was estimated to be spent by visitors to the Milwaukee area of which $9.9 million was spent at the fair.

5. Gray, J., M. Mistele, S. Hamilton, and A. Somersan. 1987. 1987 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

1,791 fair visitors were interviewed to prepare a visitor profile. Total attendance was estimated at 872,191 people who spent a total of $21.4 million in the Milwaukee area. A total of $15.3 million was spent at the fair with the remaining $6.1 million spent outside the fairgrounds.

6. Gray, J., M. Mistele, S. Hamilton, A. Somersan, and T. Kessenich. 1988. 1988 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sampling of people at the Wisconsin State Fair were interviewed about their spending habits when visiting the fair. It is estimated that total attendance to the State Fair was 834,782. On average, $17.19 per person was spent. A total of $13.5 million was spent by fairgoers with an additional $5.7 million spent outside the fairgrounds.

7. Gray, J. and S. Hamilton. 1990. 1989 Wisconsin Festivals, Inc. Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Four of seven Craft Festivals were studied to prepare a visitor profile. A survey of visitors was undertaken which included information on expenditure patterns. The study found that craft purchases averaged $108.71 per party with an additional $10 spent on refreshments and another $26 spent in the area.

8. Gray, J., S. Hamilton, and K. Jensen Mueller. 1985. 1985 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sampling of people (1,715) who attended the State Fair were interviewed to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure pattern. It was estimated that visitors spent $16.9 million in Milwaukee of which $11 million was spent at the fair.

9. Gray, J., S. Hamilton, L. Larson, and T. Kessenich. 1990. 1990 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report provides a visitor profile of State Fair patrons and estimates how much these patrons spent in the Milwaukee area, both at the Fair and outside the fairgrounds. The report also estimates use of lodging facilities. Visitors spent about $30 million in the Milwaukee area with $9.5 million spent outside the fairgrounds.

10. Hamilton, S., L. Larson, D. Adler, J. Bauer, and C. Kellogg. 1992. 1992 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sampling of people (1,457) who attended the State Fair were interviewed to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure pattern. The study estimated that with per person expenditures averaging $25.24, total expenditures amounted to approximately $23.4 million.

11. Hovland, J., J. Gray, and S. Hamilton. 1989. Visitor Profile of the 1989 Fond Du Lac County Fair. Fond du Lac, WI: Fond du Lac County, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A survey of fair visitors (298) was conducted to provide a visitor profile and to estimate the how much was spent while attending the fair. The study estimated that about $700,000 was spent at the fair.

12. Marcouiller, D. W., S. Hamilton, and C. Jobe. 1995. Farm Progress Days 1994: Economic and Educational Impacts. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study used face-to-face interviews of visitors and an input-output model (constructed using MicroIMPLAN) to assess the economic impacts of the 1994 Farm Progress Days held in Columbia County, Wisconsin. This annual agricultural technology transfer event has long been an important connecting point for agricultural producers, agribusiness interests, and Cooperative Extension specialists. In addition to expenditure patterns, the survey collected information useful to planning future Farm Progress Days events.

13. Moyer, H., M. Venkateswaran, J. Cottingham, T. Roper, and R. Tigner. 1995. Agricultural Festivals: Analysis of Selected Impacts on the Producers and the Communities. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Surveys were conducted of visitors to the festivals, local businesses, and orchard owners. The results are described in the report. Although expenditure data was gathered and local businesses reported increased activity, this data was not translated into direct and indirect benefits in terms of income or jobs.

14. Norman, W., D. Marcouiller, and S. Hamilton. 1994. A Profile of Visitors to the 1994 Dane County Fair. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resource Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study examined the impact of the Dane County Fair on the local economy. A visitor profile was prepared along with information about trip characteristics, trip motives and area activities, visitor satisfaction, and visitor expenditures and their economic impact. Input-output analysis produced direct, indirect, and induced impacts of nonresident expenditures which increased the total gross output of the Dane County area by $1,873,200. A total of 27 annual full and part-time jobs were created as well.

1. Barrows, R. and W. Nilestuen. 1974. Recreation and Economic Development in the Kickapoo Valley. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report studies the impact of the LaFarge Dam on creating jobs and increasing local incomes in the Kickapoo Valley. The report specifically looks at the potential for recreational development to have a positive economic impact. The recreational facilities include a state park, a bike trail and the river which this report concludes will benefit from the dam. In addition, second-home construction will impact the local economy through construction activity, additional tax base, and second-home owner expenditures.

2. Boyle, K. J. and R.C. Bishop. 1984. Lower Wisconsin River Recreation: Economic Impacts and Scenic Values. No. 216. Madison, WI: Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin.

This study of summer canoeists and boaters along the Lower Wisconsin River found that there are substantial economic impacts and benefits from this type of recreation. Interviews were conducted of river users. Through this method, it was found that summer use by boaters added $860,000 per year to business activity and $439,000 to household incomes. In addition, the study used a contingent valuation method to estimate the value of the scenic aspects of the river. The study recommended several management policies that could help to maintain the scenic beauty of the area, including stricter zoning ordinances and purchases of scenic easements.

3. Bubul, S., R. Lintz, and A. Somersan. 1978. Impacts of Recreation and Tourism on the Local Economy: Case Studies of Minocqua, Woodruff and Algoma. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

In terms of local economic impact, this study found that the three communities experienced different levels of impact. There are similarities in the type of businesses for which direct benefits accrue. In fact, sixty percent of the direct benefits accrued to four business categories: lodging; eating and drinking places; automobile and gas; and food stores. Indirect benefits were substantial in each community and were recreation-oriented.

4. Carpenter, J., H.D. Brodnax, and R. Cooper. 1979. An Impact Study of Selected Extension Programs That Assist People To Recognize and Pursue Economic Opportunities. Madison, WI : Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report aimed to evaluate the impacts of the Hospitality/ Recreation/Tourism extension. Interviews were conducted of participants in the 13 states using a questionnaire. Generally, people participating in extension programs had a positive experience and placed a high value on them. In addition, the report concludes that extension programs assisted in increasing incomes of participants. Impacts were not measured, but respondents reported that extension programs positively impacted their income stream.

5. Chesler, A. and D. Schink. 1985. An Economic Impact Study of Recreation and Tourism on the Portage County Economy. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report analyzed the recreation/tourism industry in Portage County. The study found that over $42 million per year are generated by visitors and that almost 450 jobs are directly and indirectly supported by these dollars. In addition the public sector benefits, particularly from tax revenue provided by owners of second homes.

6. Cooper, R., S. Sadowske, and M. Kantor. 1979. Winter Recreation Visitor Study Wisconsin 1979. Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission.

The study collected information on visitors to state parks in Wisconsin to assist in future decisions about facility developments and improvements. Part of the study examined the economic impact of visitors within a 25 mile radius of the sampled parks. The study found the total direct spending was estimated at about $9.4 million with indirect spending amounting to an additional $30 million. In addition, about 1,200 jobs were supported.

7. Deller, S. C., D.W. Marcouiller, and G. Green. 1997. "The Influence of Recreational Housing Development on Local Government Finances." Annals of Tourism Research 24 (3):1-19.

The primary objective of this study was to identify the impact of recreational housing development on the financial position of local governments within a rural setting. Using Census data for Wisconsin counties, a "holistic" type model of fiscal impact was specified and estimated. Results suggest that recreational housing development just pays for itself in terms of the ability of local governments to generate revenues when compared to the demands placed on services, as measured by expenditures.

8. Ditton, R. B. 1972. The Social and Economic Significance of Recreation Activities in the Marine Environment. Technical Report, No. 11. Green Bay, WI: The University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Program.

In this short, eight page essay, the author emphasizes the importance of recreation in the coastal zones and encourages better evaluation of the social and economic impacts that are needed before recreational use can be valued in the coastal zones of the U.S.

9. Gall, R. and D. Frechtling. 1986. The Impact of Travel On State Economies: 1984. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Travel Data Center.

This study estimates the economic impact of travel using the Travel Economic Impact Model. This model was developed to indicate expenditures, employment, payroll, business receipts, and tax revenue generated by travel away from home in the U.S. $235 billion was spent in 1984 on travel which generate 4.8 million jobs. This study is included because it used a specially designed input-output model to generate impact estimates.

10. Hamilton, S. 1992. Visitor Profile of the Wisconsin Dells Area Attractions 1991. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Over 5,000 surveys generated a visitor profile, expenditure patterns and marketing information of 1991 visitors to the Wisconsin Dells. The study found that average daily expenditures per person were estimated to be $41.69.

11. Hembd, J. and D. Berard. 1991. An Organizational and Financial Analysis of the Northern Wisconsin Resort Industry. Superior, WI: Center for Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sample of lodging establishments in seventeen counties of northern Wisconsin were interviewed to understand the resort industry in the area. The results lead to several challenges in the resort industry. Extension services offering technical assistance and advice need to be aware of these challenges for Northern Wisconsin resorts. The challenges include: low overall profitability, investments in fixed assets, risky financing, and educational opportunities.

12. Leatherman, J. C. and D.W. Marcouiller. 1996. "Estimating Tourism's Share of Local Income From Secondary Data Sources." Review of Regional Studies 26(3):317-40.

This paper presents an alternative method for generating county-level estimates of employee compensation attributable to tourism based on secondary data sources. The procedure used principal components and cluster analyses to establish regions matched by tourism structure. Minimum requirements was then used to estimate the share of employee compensation attributable to nonlocal demand. The procedure was applied to Wisconsin counties to estimate tourism shares attributable to travelers and recreational homeowners. The principal components analysis showed Wisconsin tourism is driven by variable combinations of three components: urban tourism, outdoor-based activities, and natural parks/specialty tourism. Minimum requirements generated county-level estimates of nonlocal demand for disaggregated tourism-sensitive business sectors.

13. --------. 1996. "Income Distribution Characteristics of Rural Economic Sectors: Implications for Local Development Policy." Growth and Change 27(4):434-59.

Recent trends suggest increasing reliance on private markets to provide for local economic well-being. This paper demonstrates the study of regional household income distribution patterns associated with productive activities important to many rural areas. A social accounting matrix analysis was used to examine agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forest products processing, and tourism in a small rural region in Southwestern Wisconsin to illustrate the variable distributional characteristics of private market structures and related local economic development policy. The ability of local policy to influence distributional patterns is implied to the extent that local action can facilitate variable growth rates of targeted economic sectors.

14. Leatherman, J. and D. Marcouiller. 1996. "Persistent Poverty and Natural Resource Dependence: Rural Development Policy Analysis That Incorporates Income Distribution." Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 26(2):73-93.

This paper discussed prospects for rural economic development and the use of social accounting matrix analysis to identify the distributional characteristics of local markets and development programs in natural resource-dependent regions. A SAM was used to examine the distributional characteristics associated with local economic development policies targeting agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forestry processing, and tourism for a small rural region in Wisconsin. The analysis also investigated the distributional impacts associated with simultaneous and variable change between economic sectors, and the impediments to development that dependence on a disproportionately large economic sector presents. The results suggested that the distributional impacts vary by sector. SAM analysis was a means whereby local development policies can incorporate information important to addressing questions of lagging rural income growth.

15. Marcouiller, D. W. 1994. Tourism-Related Labor Returns in Northern Wisconsin. Staff Paper 94.1. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resource Center, UW - Extension.

Travelers and recreational homeowners are important sources of demand for firms operating in heavily tourism-oriented regions. Returns to labor resources employed in tourism-related firms provides important detail of the economic development implications of tourism development on rural forested regions. This study analyzes employee compensation in two regions of Northern Wisconsin by industry. The export share of these returns to labor resources is identified using a minimum requirements technique. Results indicate that the export shares exceed fifty percent in many important service, real estate, and construction industries within this region.

16. Marcouiller, D. W. and J. Alpi. 1995. Using County Sales Tax to Identify Tourism Trends: Selected Wisconsin Counties. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The authors of this document outline trends in tourism-sensitive business sectors at the county level using sales tax information provided by the State of Wisconsin. This is done only for the 43 Wisconsin counties in which the tax was in effect during 1993. A ranked list of counties based upon net sales tax per capita illustrates that Door County and Oneida County had the highest net sales tax per capita at $66.78 and $64.43 respectively. Between 1991 and 1993, 15 new counties have added a county sales tax. Included in this recent set of additions, Dane County had a $59.71 net sales tax per capita during 1993, placing it third in the state using this measure. Generally higher net sales tax per capita are found among counties where tourism is relatively more important. Local economies benefit from the influx of money from nonresidents into these tourism-sensitive areas.

17. Marcouiller, D. W., W. Norman, S. Deller, N. Sumathi, and D. Erkkila. 1995. Information and Regional Choice in Recreational Housing. June 1-3, 1995. St. Louis, MO: Paper presented at the 1995 Mid-continent Regional Science Association.

The leisure pursuits of individuals undergo change over time. Transitions exist between broad types of leisure pursuits as change occurs in disposable household income, physical capabilities, lifelong outlooks, family status, and other variations in demographic composition. The authors of this paper set out to identify evidence which indicates the existence of a transition between short-term destination travel for vacations and the purchase and use of recreational housing. Empirical data (collected in late 1994) from a mail-survey and a set of focus group interviews held in Forest County, Wisconsin was analyzed using cluster analysis to define differences between groups of recreational homeowners. Results show that there are three basic groups of recreational homeowners comprising those who gained information through relatives, by day trips/general information, and by longer vacations and by friends.

18. McEwen, D. 1989. National Economic Survey of Private Campgrounds. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL: National Campground Owners Association and the Department of Recreation.

Private campgrounds throughout the U.S. were surveyed to gather information about the industry. Income and expense data, camper types, camper expenditures, upgrading and construction projections, and maintenance equipment was some of the data collected. It provides campground owners with the ability to compare themselves to the industry.

19. Natural Resources Economics Division, Economic Research, and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1974. Characteristics and Recreational Participation Patterns of Low Income, Inner City Residents. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report looked at low income, inner city residents in Milwaukee, WI to understand their recreational participation patterns for future planning and expenditure. The report provided a demographic profile of residents. Recreation patterns were divided into five types of activities related to age and position in family. Fishing was the highest ranked activity. The top constraint in pursuing recreational activities was not enough time.

20. Recreation Resources Center. 1975. A Regional Study of Recreation Travel Behavior and Participation Patterns. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension, Department of Agricultural Economics, and the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences.

This study reported on the travel patterns and recreational activity of travelers and users in a nine-state region of the Upper Midwest. The report provided information about the visitors' socioeconomic characteristics, their recreation interests, and their travel patterns. This information was intended for governmental agencies, the private sector, and the tourism industry to better plan for and market the Upper Midwest for recreational activities.

21. Rovelstad, J. M. and M. E. Rovelstad. 1985. The Economic Impact of Tourism in Southeastern Wisconsin. Kenosha, WI: Wisconsin Department of Development, Division of Tourism and Division of Policy Development.

Nineteen counties in Southeastern Wisconsin were used as the basis for this pilot study on the impact of travel and tourism on the Wisconsin economy in 1982 and 1983. A mail survey was sent to all lodging facilities and campgrounds within the study region. A computer package was used to calculate the impacts from expenditure information provided in the surveys. The findings indicated that total sales amounted to $1.29 billion in 1982 and $1.31 billion in 1983. Tax revenues were calculated to total $74 million in 1982 and $76 million in 1983. These figures were projected for a state-wide impact as well.

22. Somersan, A. and M. Neuman. 1977. Impacts of Recreation In The Coastal Zone: Demand and Supply of Recreation In Wisconsin's Coastal Counties. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Coastal Zone Management and the Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study, one of five looking at the impacts of recreation on the coastal zone, used a demand and supply analysis of recreation in 15 coastal counties. Projections were made for 1980, 1985 and 1990 and indicated significant increases in demand. The kinds of activities looked at were boating, swimming, fishing, camping and hiking, and sightseeing. Supply of recreational facilities already was becoming overcrowded especially for boaters and people who fish, so the need for additional boating and fishing facilities was identified as a coastal recreational need.

23. Strang, W. A. 1970. Recreation and the Local Economy: An Input-Output Model of a Recreation-Oriented Economy. Madison, WI: Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Wisconsin.

This report prepared a static input-output table of Door County to model the effects of recreation on that economy. The report detailed the construction of the table and the data gathering techniques and presented the Door County input-output tables including the transactions table, the input coefficient table and the multiplier table. The final section of the report examined the short-term economic impact of tourism on the Door County economy. The report found that tourism contributed $28 million annually to the local economy.

24. Sweeney, N. 1993. European Tourism in Wisconsin: Its Potential Impact on Economic Growth in Wisconsin. Volume 6, No.6. Milwaukee, WI: Wisconsin Policy Research Institute Report.

According to this report, Wisconsin has not benefitted from visits of Europeans to the U.S. It is calculated that European tourists spend four to five time more than Canadian visitors. The report also estimates that if Wisconsin attracted 1% of the European-U.S. visitors, the state would benefit in terms of an additional $183 million in tourist expenditures, 2.4% increase in occupancy rates, the creation of 3,700 full-time job equivalents, and an additional $16 million in state tax revenues. The report stressed marketing opportunities for Wisconsin and a marketing strategy for the European market.

25. United States Department of Agriculture. Proceedings of the 1990 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (Saratoga Springs, New York.

These proceedings have compiled papers from these annual conferences. The papers have reported on similar topics as in the Wisconsin setting. In addition, they have reported on topics such as mountain biking, wetlands, gardening, climbing, and hiking. These papers have used a variety of methods including conjoint analysis, geographical analysis using GIS techniques, times series analysis and a gender analysis. These papers may provide ideas for future studies within the Wisconsin context.

26. USDI. 1988. 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Services.

The Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior had the U.S. Bureau of the Census to conduct a two-phased survey for a national count of fishermen and hunters and non-consumptive users of wildlife. In the first phase, households were sampled by phone to determine who had partook in wildlife activities. From this information, the second phase was conducted which consisted of interviews with subsamples of fishermen, hunters, and others. This report provided detailed information from this census.

27. -------. 1993. 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation- Wisconsin. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Services.

The Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior had the U.S. Bureau of the Census to conduct a two-phased survey for a national count of fishermen and hunters and non-consumptive users of wildlife. This report represented the Wisconsin sample. In the first phase, households were sampled by phone to determine who had partook in wildlife activities. From this information, the second phase was conducted which consisted of interviews with subsamples of fishermen, hunters, and others. This report provided detailed information such as trip-related expenditures, expenditures for wildlife-associated recreation, and residential and non-residential participants.

28. Wilson, T., D.W. Marcouiller, and T. Sutphin. 1997. Trends in the East-Central Wisconsin Tourism Industry: An Analysis of Activity in Four Tourism-Related Sectors. Staff Paper 96.5. Madison, WI: Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin - Extension.

This research provides a summary of a data set constructed using County Business Patterns. The data suggest that tourism in east-central Wisconsin has been growing steadily over the course of the past 30 years. These trends mimic growth in tourism throughout the upper Midwest. The focus of this report is Waupaca County. It has experienced strong growth trends since 1965 in all tourism categories analyzed, but is lagging behind adjacent counties. The size of firms operating in these tourism-related sectors appear to be increasing in terms of employment per firm.

29. Wisconsin Department of Development. 1983. The Wisconsin Tourism Industry Study. Madison, WI.

Because tourism was reported to be a multi-billion dollar a year industry and has provided upwards of 13% of the state's employment, this report was prepared to provide policy recommendations on how to best support tourism in the state. The recommendations focused on providing information to potential travelers, preserving public access on lakes, assisting lodging facilities in financing expansions, and marketing Wisconsin as a vacation spot.

30. Wisconsin Tourism Development. 1990-1997. The Economic Impact of Expenditures by Travelers on Wisconsin Calendar Year 1989-96. Madison, WI. Unpublished report compiled by Davidson-Peterson Associates (York, Maine) for the Wisconsin Department of Development/Tourism.

This series of reports measured the economic benefits of tourism of travelers to Wisconsin's residents and governments. The authors of the report used a method called T-MAP-I to measure economic benefits. The informational inputs into the method includes an inventory of lodging facilities, a seasonal survey of lodging business activity, an expenditure model, a telephone survey of Wisconsin residents, and an expenditure forecasting model. An input-output model is used, but not to derive economic multipliers. These reports provide detailed information about tourist expenditures and their impacts both for the state and for each county. The latest report includes seasonal data.

31. Woodruff, D. 198. Economic Impact of Tourists In Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Division of Tourism, Wisconsin Department of Development.

This study on the tourism industry in Wisconsin looked at both the state and counties in terms of employment and income. The study estimated that the tourism industry generated about $6.2 billion in gross sales. When the counties were ranked in terms of gross sales, Milwaukee, Dane, Waukesha and Brown were the top four counties. However, when counties were ranked according to the impact of tourism sales on Consumer Spendable Income, the top counties were Florence, Vilas, Iron, and Sawyer. The study found that it takes about $24,000 to create one new job in the tourism industry.

1. Blank, U. and Sterling Stipe. 1971. Economic Impact of the Crow Wing Canoe Trail, Wadena County, Minn. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study measured the economic impact of developing a canoe trail along two rivers in Minnesota. Surveys of outfitters and users was used to estimate economic and employment impacts. Although the impact was small, the study was optimistic in seeing canoeing as a core to a future of recreational development.

2. Foti, P. E., A. Doll, H. Moyer, R. Cooper , and L. Freiding. 1987. SCORP: Wisconsin Snowmobile Study. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

This report used a survey to determine characteristics of snowmobiling, snowmobilers, changes in the sport, and demands for future facilities and services. A random sample of registered snowmobilers were surveyed. From questions on expenditures, it was estimated that clothing and equipment expenditures amount to over $70 million with an addition $55 million spent on day and overnight trips.

3. Gray, J., F. Li, and S. Hamilton. 1989. 1988-1989 Wausau Ski Study. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Downhill and cross-country skiers in the Wausau area were interviewed in the 1988-89 winter season to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure patterns. Downhill ski parties spent on average, $363.85 during their trips amounting to $5.4 million during the season. Cross country ski parties spent considerably less than downhill skiers with an average of $45.87 per trip.

4. .Henderson, K and D. Bialeschki. 1980. An Economic Analysis of Organized Camps In Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study conducted an analysis of the 300 organized camps in Wisconsin through a mail survey. Close to a half million people stayed in camps during 1979 and contributed about $51 million to the state's economy. The local impact of organized camps is estimated at $4.1 million in a county with 25 camps. $94,000 was spent per camp in the local community with the direct and indirect value totaling $164,000.

5. Loden, C. 1995. 2-Minute Snowmobile Survey Results, Iron County. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension Office and the Iron County Development Zone.

This report presents data from a survey of snowmobilers in Iron County. The survey provided information about the average snowmobiler, how much they spent while in the area, where they stayed, and what recommendations they had to enhance snowmobiling. This report found that $306.68 per person was spent in Iron County.

6. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota DNR, Wisconsin DNR and Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission. 1974. Three State Snowmobiler Economic and Preference Survey. Michigan.

This research was conducted to describe the geographic distribution, economic preferences, and attitudes of snowmobile owners who were registered in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin in 1974. A survey was sent to a sample of owners so as to identify where the greatest snowmobiling usage took place, how much money was spent on this sport, and what the attitudes were of snowmobilers about law enforcement, facilities and travel.

7. Moyer, H. and K. Hansen. 1986. Snowmobiling In Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report provides a user profile of snowmobilers in Wisconsin. The study also looked at the nature of current snowmobile usage, the direct economic impact of this activity and the perceived changes in the activity and an assessment of facilities used. This report found that the Wisconsin economy directly benefitted from $43 million in expenditures.

8. Robertson, M. D. and R.C. Bishop. 1975. Off-Road Recreation Vehicles in the Upper Great Lakes States: User Characteristics and Economic Impacts . Madison, WI: Center for Resource Policy Studies and Programs, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

This study had three objectives: to estimate the number of off-road recreational vehicles and provide an economic profile of users; to assess the economic impacts of off-road recreational vehicles; and to investigate current vehicle use patterns, adequacy of facilities, and user preferences. A telephone survey was conducted of over 500 people in households. The survey found that almost 20 percent of all households in the three-state region owned at least one off-road vehicle. Expenditures by users amounted to about $700 million in 1973. In terms of business activity in the area, it was estimated that between $1.2 million and $2.0 million was derived from recreational trip expenditure. Regional impacts were estimated to total between $184 million to $276 million. These numbers were generated from vehicle use trips and snowmobile exports.

9. Sumathi, N. R., J. Hembd, T. Huray, and C. Siver. 1991. A Study of Northwest Wisconsin Snowmobilers. Superior, WI: Center for Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Because of the lack of information about snowmobiling in Northwest Wisconsin, this study was undertaken to begin to understand the characteristics of snowmobilers and their contribution to the economy of the area. A nominal group process was conducted to identify the issues important to organizations and businesses catering to snowmobilers. A mail survey was prepared and sent to snowmobilers who had visited the area in February, 1990. The survey found that average party expenditures was close to $1,000 and that snowmobilers spent about 3 nights in the area on their trips. The report provides a detailed summary of the survey results.

10. Van Koningsveld, R., W.C. Norman, D.W. Marcouiller, and G. Wise. 1994. Eagle Watchers Along the Wisconsin River: Survey Results From the Winter of 1993-1994. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

During the winter of 1993/1994, the authors conducted a visitor survey in the Prairie du Sac/ Sauk City area to identify marketing information and expenditure patterns concerning eagle watching. Most of the parties observing eagles were from Madison and Milwaukee. About 10,000 visitor parties came to the area during the eagle watching season. Total expenditures by these visitors was estimated at about $600,000.

1. Gilby, E. 1980. Milwaukee County Zoo. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study focused on the non-local visitors to the Milwaukee Zoo. A survey was conducted of zoo visitors to determine the impact of non-local visitors to the economy. Expenditure patterns were developed and employment estimates were derived. Direct expenditures were estimated to total $12 million and support 636 jobs. Indirect employment totaled an additional 1,151 jobs. Indirect spending was estimated at $21 million. Fiscal impact (both benefits and costs) were estimated and included estimates of property tax, sales tax, personal income tax, corporate income tax and motor fuel tax.

2. Gray, J., B. Wangard, and W. Winfield. 1979. A Visitor Study - 1978, Henry Vilas Park Zoo, Madison, Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension, Recreation Resources Center.

The Henry Vilas Park Zoo was studied to learn more about the visitors, their origin, their motive for visiting, their frequency of visiting, the amount of money they spent, and improvements they would like to see. Over 1,000 personal interviews were conducted in July and August of 1978. Among other findings, the study estimated that average expenditures totaled $16.49 per outing per party and the impact on the local economy totaled about $1.1 million during those two months.

3. Gray, J. and S. Hamilton. 1987. Experimental Aircraft Association Convention Survey. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

4,427 party interviews were conducted at this 1987 convention in Oshkosh, Wisconsin to develop a visitor profile expenditure data and marketing information on the visitor to the fly-in. Total expenditures in the Oshkosh area was estimated at $47.8 million for all parties during the convention. For the State of Wisconsin, total expenditures amounted to $65 million.

4. ------. 1989. A Visitor Profile of the 1988 Greater Milwaukee Open. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

At the 1988 Greater Milwaukee Open Golf Tournament, interviews were conducted of about one-third of the spectators for a visitor profile and expenditure patterns. It was estimated that patrons spent about $1.5 million in the Milwaukee area which represented the four-day fiscal impact.

5. Hamilton, S. 1991. Pulling to See Who Was At the 1991 Grand National Tractor Pull. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

At the Grand National Tractor Pull and the associated craft and flea markets in Tomah, visitor surveys (1,048) were conducted to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure patterns. The study estimated that average daily expenditures per person were $43.27.

6. Huberty, W. and R. Cooper. 1987. Feasibility Study for a Proposed Hostel and Bicycle Museum In Elroy, Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This feasibility study for a proposed hostel and bicycle museum in Elroy, Wisconsin used visitor profile information on the Elroy-Sparta bike trail. The study found that an estimated 53,600 people would use the trail in 1987. By studying costs and revenues, the study found that a hostel would be feasible. This study does not measure impacts directly.

7. Joachim, K. and K. Peterson. 1986. A Market Analysis and Economic Impact Study for a Proposed Marine Museum At Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The first part of the study was a marketing analysis, conducted to determine if the site was an appropriate one, if enough visitors would use the museum and when they would come. The second part of the study assessed the economic impact of the project. The study found that the museum's site was reasonable and would attract upwards of 32,000 visitors per year. Total direct and indirect revenues were estimated at about $675,000 and the total employment impact was estimated to be about 18 full time jobs.

8. Lewis, A. and S. Deller. 1994. Economic Impact of the Chicago Bears' Training Camp on the Platteville Region: A Preliminary Analysis. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

There are four football training camps in Wisconsin and it was not well understood what impacts these camps had on local economies. This report is an analysis of the impact of the Chicago Bears' training camp in Platteville, WI. A small sample of fans were surveyed. The survey gave enough information to develop a fan profile, to understand fan origin, where they stayed and what they were doing in the area. The economic impact part of the study took into account the expenditure of the fans in addition to expenditures from the Bears' organization. The combined economic impact was estimated at $2.426 million in income and close to 171 jobs.

9. Marcouiller, D. W. 1994. Economic Impacts of the Wisconsin Maritime Museum: A Study of Current and Projected Effects. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin- Extension.

This study estimated the economic impact of a proposed museum expansion on the Manitowoc County area by translating visitor expenditures estimates resulting from museum expansion into regional economic impact using an input-output framework. Average daily expenditures of museum visitors from a recent study of the EAA Museum in Oshkosh were applied to the current and projected annual attendance of the Wisconsin Maritime Museum in Manitowoc. Results indicate that current visitors spend approximately $1.4 million annually. The potential exists, with expansion, to increase this by $3.8 million annually. When applied to an input-output model of Manitowoc County, these expenditures translate into economic impact measured by income generated and jobs created.

10. Marcouiller, D. W., J. Preissing, and J. Alpi. 1995. Regional Economic Impact of the Crex Meadows Wildlife Area: Assessment of a Proposed Wildlife Education Center Expansion. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study applied characteristic expenditure patterns to a regional input-output model (constructed using MicroIMPLAN) to estimate the economic impacts associated with an expanded visitor center at the Crex Meadows Wildlife Refuge, located in Burnett County, Wisconsin. A useful comparison of previous expenditure studies is presented in tabular form. Average daily trip-related expenditures identified in a recent study of eagle watchers on the Wisconsin River was applied to the current and projected annual visits to the Crex Meadows Wildlife Area in Burnett County. Results suggest that current visitors spend approximately $2.4 million annually. The potential exists, with expansion, to increase this by $355,000 annually. When applied to an input-output model of Burnett County, these expenditures translate into economic impact measured by income generated and jobs created.

11. Norman, W., S. Hamilton, and D. Marcouiller. 1995. A Profile of Visitors at the EAA Air Adventure Museum. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study undertook an examination of the Experimental Aircraft Association Museum in Oshkosh, WI. Personal interviews were conducted of visitors. The research resulted in a visitor profile of EAA visitors, trip characteristics of visitors, trip motives and activities, and economic impact on Winnebago County. Using input-output analysis, this study found that $6.6 million in the local economy was attributable from museum visitors and over 202 jobs were attributable from visitor spending.

12. -------. 1994. A Profile of Visitors to the 1993 Experimental Aircraft Association Convention. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Visitors to the 1993 Experimental Aircraft Association Convention were personally surveyed in order to develop a profile, measure visitor expenditures, and determine the economic impact. The report provided a visitor profile, trip characteristics, trip satisfaction, trip motives and activities, visitor expenditures and economic impact analysis. Using input-output analysis, total gross output increased by $83,041,400 as a result of the convention. In addition, more than 2,500 jobs were created.

13. Schwecke, T. P., D.Sprehn, S. Hamilton, and J. Gray. 1989. A Look at Visitors on Wisconsin's Elroy-Sparta Bike Trail. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The Elroy-Sparta bike trail provided one of the first examples of linear recreation trail development under what is now commonly referred to under the "rails to trails" initiative. This study presented a profile of trail users, their place of origin, and trip-related expenditures. This type of information was gathered and presented for organizations and businesses to promote the trail's use. Results suggest that users spent about $1,257,000 in the area with about half of them coming from out of state. The Chicago area represented the highest number of users.

14. Sumathi, N. R. and D. Berard. 1992. Lac Courte Oreilles Honor the Earth Pow-Wow: An Informational and Economic Analysis. Superior, WI: Center for Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Honor the Earth Pow-Wow dates to 1973 as an annual event of the Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe. Little was known about the economic impact of this event to the area. This report had three objectives: "to assess the economic impacts on Lac Courte Oreilles and the broader surrounding area; to gather information related to participants' interests and activities while attending the Honor the Earth Pow-Wow; and to gather source demographic information on participants for use in future planning, organizing, and promotional efforts." The study found that with 5,000 visitors to the area and average party expenditures totaling $205.37, the economic impact was estimated at $316,328. An conservative local income multiplier of 1.3 was used to measure direct and indirect economic impacts.

15. Udell, J. 1973. Economic Impact of Man-Made Lakes On Area Businesses: A Study of Lakes Sherwood and Camelot. Madison, WI: Bureau of Business Research and Service, University of Wisconsin.

This study was one of three conducted concerning the economic and social impact of the creation of two lakes in Adams County. A survey of businesses was conducted within 20 miles of the lakes to investigate the effect of the lakes on the local economy and the perceptions these business people had about how the lakes affected the economy, aesthetics and recreation in the area. The study found that the majority of business people liked the lake development, believed that it would improve the economy, and the aesthetics and recreational opportunities were better as a result of the development.

16. -------. 1973. Expenditures and Perceptions of Property Owners At Lakes Sherwood and Camelot. Madison, WI: Bureau of Business Research and Service, University of Wisconsin.

This study was one of three conducted concerning the economic and social impact of the creation of two lakes in Adams County. A survey of property owners was conducted to measure their expenditures within a 50 mile radius of the lakes. The response represented about 20% of the owners in the area. This study estimated that about $9.24 million was spent on property improvement in 1972 of which about $6.73 million went to local contractors. Annual living expenditures were estimated at about $1.25 million. Taxes and food, tobacco and beverages were the highest living expenditures totaling close to $675,000. Many owners are planning to retire in the area. This study expected an expansion of retail and service industries in the county as more homes were built around the lakes.

1. 3M National Advertising Company. 1975. Wisconsin Travel Study Visitor Expenditure Analysis.

This brief study used questionnaire handouts and personal interviews to collect information about visitors' expenditures in Wisconsin and in the Wisconsin Dells. Expenditures for goods and services purchased in the Dells area was $16. 97. Average daily expenditures for goods and services in Wisconsin varied between $5.80 and $7.60 depending upon where the data was gathered.

2. Anderson, K. 1991. A Survey of Vilas County Vacationers, Summer 1991. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A survey of vacationers was carried out from May to September of 1991 to prepare a demographic profile and report on expenditure patterns. A total of $344,200 was spent by visitors for all purposes during this time period.

3. Cooper, R. and D. Cangelosi. 1985. 1983 Summer Day User Survey. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The study collected information on visitors to state parks in Wisconsin to assist in future decisions about facility developments and improvements. Part of the study examined the economic impact of visitors within a 25 mile radius of the sampled parks. The study found the total direct spending was estimated at about $9.4 million with indirect spending amounting to an additional $30 million. In addition, about 1,200 jobs were supported.

4. Gray, J. 1982. 1982 Wisconsin State Fair Visitor Profile. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

A sampling of people (1,969) who attended the State Fair were interviewed to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure pattern. The study estimated that $8.9 million was spent at the fair with an additional $6.6 million spent in the Milwaukee area.

5. Gray, J., Li F., and S. Hamilton. 1990. 1989 Eau Claire Summer Visitor Survey. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Visitors to Eau Claire and residents of Eau Claire were interviewed for this report which measured how much visitors spent in Eau Claire and gave a visitor profile. On average, visitors spend $28.05 per day. If they stay overnight, they spent upwards of $67.13 per day.

6. --------. 1990. Manitowoc-Two Rivers Visitor and Lodging Study Books 1 and 2. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Part I of this report used a sampling of lodging registration cards to come up with a visitor profile. Part II focused on interviews of visitors, owners and operators in this area to gain an understanding of how visitors spent their time, who they are, and how and where they spent money. On average, visitors spent $184.34 per day. Boating parties spent the highest amount, $1,211.54 per day while day trippers spent the least, $156.24 per day.

7. Gray, J., J. Higgins, and S. Hamilton. 1986. Door County Guest Surveys: Interviews. Madison, WI : Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study of Door County visitors produced a visitor profile and expenditure patterns for the summer of 1986. Interviews of over 2,400 non-resident guest parties were interviewed. The study found that tourism gross sales were estimated at $66.9 million for July and August of 1986. Door County visitors spent about $24 per day.

8. --------. 1986. Green Bay Guest Surveys. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Non-resident guest parties were interviewed over a six-week period in 1986 to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure patterns. Over this period, it is estimated that $12.2 million in tourism gross sales occurred. Green Bay visitors spent on average $9.24 per day.

9. --------. 1986. Northwestern Wisconsin: Study of Overnight Guests. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

In the ten county area or Northwest Wisconsin, a sampling of registration cards from twenty-five motels, hotels resorts and private campgrounds were collected to prepare a visitor profile. Visitors average daily expenditure was $11.13. Tourism gross sales were not estimated in this study.

10. Gray, J., M. Mistele, and S. Hamilton. 1989. A Picturesque Tour of Summer Visitors to Wisconsin's Fox Cities. Madison, WI: Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report produced a visitor profile and expenditure patterns from interviews conducted in the Fox Cities. The study estimated that 190,722 non-residents visited the Fox Cities spending about $8.8 million. On average, $120.77 was spent per visitor party.

11. Gray, J., S. Hamilton, and J. Higgins. 1987. Dells Area Trip Expenditures Diaries. Madison, WI : Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin Extension.

A sample of parties visiting the Wisconsin Dells area were asked to fill out an trip expenditure diary while in the Dells area. The information provided was used to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure pattern. This study estimated that 675,000 tourists visited the Dells during July and August and spent $62.5 million in the Dells area.

12. --------. 1986. Manitowoc-Two Rivers Guest and Lodging Surveys. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Non-resident guest parties were interviewed over a four week period in the summer of 1986 to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure patterns. Tourism gross sales was estimated at $10.9 million over a two-month period in 1986. Average daily expenditures of visitors was $24,84 with overnight guests spending on average, per person, $47.93.

13. Gray, J., S. Hamilton, and M. Mistele . 1987. Wisconsin's Northwoods Area Study. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

In this five county study in two parts, interviews were conducted with guest parties to provide a visitor profile and expenditure pattern of daily visitors and overnight guests. The study found that $470 was spent by the average visitor party during their stay and a total of $152.7 million was spent in the area.

14. Kantor, M., T. Wilson, R. Cooper, and S. Sadowske. 1979. Winter Recreation Visitor Study, Marathon County. Wausau, WI: Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission and Marathon County.

The hospitality, recreation and tourism industry is a significant part of Marathon County's economy. Because of this fact, it was important to find out how demand for winter recreation was changing, who the visitors were and where they came from and what their economic impact was on the county. From this study, it is known where their target market can be found so that better marketing can occur. Also, the study found that direct and indirect spending amounted to about $320,000 and the employment would increase by about 7 jobs over a 2-3 year period with an additional 1,000 winter visitors.

15. Somersan, A. 1979. Visitor Economic Impacts In Brown County. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report looked at the economic impact of visitors and convention delegates on Brown County. Direct and indirect expenditures were calculated along with the creation of new employment due to visitor impacts. In addition, public costs and benefits were estimated. The total expenditure impact was calculated at close to $93 million and total employment impact was estimated at about 4,500 new full and part-time jobs. The public sector saw a net fiscal benefit of about $140,000.

16. Somersan, A. and W. Pinkovitz. 1980. Milwaukee Visitor Economic Impact. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Although Milwaukee is known more for its manufacturing base than its pull for visitors, visitors to the city have been numerous. This study estimated the number of visitor days and then estimated total direct expenditures. Most of the data was from secondary sources and earlier studies of Milwaukee. The report found that total direct expenditures amounted to about $170 million. In addition, about 9,000 full or part-time jobs were generated. When the indirect impacts were calculated, it added $367 million of expenditures and an additional 19,700 jobs.

17. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1988. Wisconsin State Parks -- User Data and Economic Impacts. Madison, WI.

This two-page information sheet provides information of the State Park system, its users, a visitor profile, and the economic impact of those visitor to the State's economy. This study found that direct and indirect spending of day users was estimated at $32.4 million and supported about 1,250 jobs.

1. Bussiere, M. and S. Deller. 1996. Kewaunee Marina Economic Impact Study. Madison, WI. University of Wisconsin Extension and Kewaunee Marina.

This economic impact study surveyed slipholders, storage customers and other Marina clients. An input-output analysis was conducted and found that the Marina had a positive effect on Kewaunee in terms of employment and additional income totaling over $450,000 and 31.4 jobs annually.

2. Chesler, A. 1985. Trempealeau Marina Study. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report looked at the need for a 50-slip marina in Trempealeau and analyzed the economic base and economic impact of the proposed marina on the local area. The marina would provide needed slip space in the area, although marketing the facility would be necessary since there are competing facilities. The report concluded that $261,180 of direct and indirect spending would be generated and 4.4 jobs could be supported.

3. Chesler, A., G. Lamb, and K. Peterson. 1987. Economic Benefits of Harbor Use in Oconto County. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any economic benefits associated with harbor use. The study found that the harbor generates spending of about $200,000 which translates to direct employment of four persons and indirect employment of an additional three persons.

4. Dawson, C. 1985. The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry. Mexico, NY: New York Sea Grant Extension Program, Cooperative Extension Offices.

This publication contains eleven studies of which four are devoted to analyzing the economic impact of the charter boat fishing industry. Three studies look at marketing research and applications and four studies look at business and financial management practices. This study is included in this bibliography because one study in particular, "The Economic Contribution of Ohio's Lake Erie Charterboat Industry," used willingness-to-pay estimates, the only study in this collection to use this method.

5. Drewiske, D. 1984. Economic Impact Potential for the Racine Harbor Development Project. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study analyzed the planned improvements for the Racine Harbor. A demand analysis was conducted and found that the planned marina rehabilitation will begin to fill demand. The marina was expected to have a positive economic impact on employment, income, and the public sector. Total economic impact was estimated at close to $20 million. The number of full-time equivalent jobs was estimated to be about 400.

6. Gray, J., F. Li, and S. Hamilton. 1989. 1989 Wisconsin River Logjam & Kayak Races. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Interviews were conducted of spectator at the Wisconsin River Logjam and Kayak races to prepare a visitor profile and expenditure patterns. Logjam visitors spent an average of $40.82 per party per day in comparison to kayak race visitors who spent $26.39 on average per party per day. It is estimated that a total of $362,206 was spent in the Wausau area during these two events.

7. Huddleston, J., R. Mueller, J. Seet, and A. Somersan. 1975. Economic Impact of Recreation in the Coastal Zone, (Interim Report - First Year). Madison, WI: State Planning Office.

This first year summary report is part of a three year study to assess public policy objectives within the Coastal Zone Management Program. This report identifies major policy areas with regard to recreation, examines the demand and supply of recreation, presents a number of methodologies, and provides an outline for year two of the study. Business sales for residents and non-residents for each county in the coastal zone will be generated to provide a data base for analysis. This data base will be used to assess recreation impact.

8. Hustedde, R., H. Moyer, and Al Miller. 1989. An Economic Overview of Wisconsin's Boating-Related Sectors. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

In this report, the author found that boating-related activities and the boating industry have a significant impact on the state's economy and employment. The report was divided into 4 sections: recreational boating in Wisconsin, boat sales, employment in Wisconsin's boating-related sectors and port activity. The study used expenditure and employment data to present boating-related activities. However the study did not estimate total direct and indirect sales or employment impacts.

9. Kalter, R. J. 1966. A Model to Estimate the Economic Effects of Water-Based Recreation Projects on Local Political Subdivisions. Madison, WI: Water Resources Center, University of Wisconsin.

This dissertation, sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Interior, had two objectives: To provide a method for calculating the economic effects of water-based recreation and to empirically test the method. Input-output analysis was used at a county level, specifically Walworth County, to illustrate its uses, limitations, and its assistance to public policy decision-making.

10. Leatherman, J. 1995. At Work in The Kickapoo Valley: Tourism. Madison, WI: The Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This fact sheet looks at the impact of tourism on the economy of the region. Using an input-output model, the impact of canoeists on the economy was looked at specifically. From a survey that was conducted in 1993, canoeists spent an estimated $655,607 in the Valley. The total direct and indirect impact of this expenditure accounts for about $700,000 in sales, about $240,000 in wages and about $463,000 in all types of income. In addition, about 18 jobs are created. This analysis shows the significance of one recreational activity to the Valley's economy and why tourism as a development strategy can yield beneficial results.

11. Leede Research Group. 1994. Wisconsin's Great Lakes Trout and Salmon Sport Fishery, The Economic Impact, Short Summary Edition. Manitowoc, WI.

Because the Great Lakes fishery was reported to have high contamination levels in 1989, a survey was carried out to determine the importance of sports fishing to the Wisconsin economy. This report is based on a survey of groups involved in the sport of fishing. This report updated the expenditure calculations to understand the changes in expenditures and their impact from the peak year of 1988 through 1993. The original study estimated that 60% of total expenditures occurred in the lakeshore counties. The report showed the potential dollars that were lost due to the changes in the sport fishery. Additional research will be conducted on the impact this decline had on jobs.

12. Lubner, J., H. Moyer, and J. Gray. 1987. Results of the 1985-86 Lake Michigan Fishing Survey. Madison, WI: U.W. Sea Grant Institute and Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This report presents data from a survey of anglers who used charter boat operators. The purpose of this report was undertaken to identify marketing strategies, the economic impact of charter boat operations by gathering information on the angler profile, his/her expenditures, and other factors related to the charter boat experience. This report found that $370.50 per household was spent on fishing. Charter boat customers spent about $4 million in the five port areas in Wisconsin with an additional $400,000 spent in other areas of Wisconsin. According to this report, the economic impact is at least double these figures.

13. Marcouiller, D. W., A. Anderson, and W. Norman. 1996. Trout Angling in Southwestern Wisconsin and Implications for Regional Development. Madison, WI: Center for Community Economic Development, University of Wisconsin-Cooperative Extension.

This study assessed trout anglers on two Southwestern Wisconsin streams for their perceptions about current resource attributes and their resource use behavior. A two stage survey effort was undertaken during the 1995 angling season including angler identification and subsequent survey. In addition to perceptive and behavioral information, the effort used expenditure data with an input-output model (constructed using MicroIMPLAN) to estimate regional economic impacts. The study also collected data on angler willingness-to-pay for nonmarket resource attributes affected through fisheries management. Results from this portion of the study were based on graphical analysis of a series of dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions.

14. Minahan, N. M., ed. 1976. Water: Its Impact on Douglas County, Wisconsin. Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin.

A series of articles were reprinted from the Evening Telegram of Superior, WI. These articles report on the results of a project entitled "Social/Economic Impact of Aquatic Heritage on Development of Superior/Douglas County Community." The report looked at the impact of the Superior harbor on the Douglas County economy estimating the direct and indirect impacts of employment and income. In addition, the report looked at the impact of tourism on the local economy. Both expenditure data of tourists and visitor profiles were established through surveys. The report finds that water is an important aspect to the County's economy accounting for over 40% of the county's total economy with the harbor accounting for about 33% and tourism accounting for about 8.8%.

15. Norman, W., K. Larkin, and S. Hamilton. 1994. A Profile of Canoers on the Kickapoo River Summer 1993. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resource Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

The Kickapoo River has been popular to canoers, but to this date little was known about who the canoers were, why they canoed, and how much they spent on their trips. This study aimed to answer some of these questions so that better promotion, planning and development of tourism could occur. The study produced a visitor profile of canoers, a description of a canoeing trip, and an analysis of canoeing expenditures and its related economic impact. Canoer expenditures totaled over $700,000 in total sales and the creation of over 18 jobs in the area.

16. Norman, W. and S. Hamilton. 1994. A Study of Tubing on Wisconsin's Apple River During the Summer of 1993. Madison, WI: Tourism Research and Resource Center, University of Wisconsin-Extension.

This study was undertaken to provide information about tubing activity along the Apple River. The study provided a visitor profile of tubers, their motives for visiting, trip characteristics, trip decision-making, trip experience and visitor expenditures. The report concluded that marketing strategies may need to be broadened outside the young adult visitor in addition to creating better opportunities to lengthen stays and to provide better gift and souvenir shopping.

17. Peterson, K. 1989. Features of Recreational Boating Along Wisconsin's Great Lakes Coasts: Trip Related Spending and Annual Costs. Madison, WI: Recreation Resources Center, University o