Bass, S.A. & Caro, F.G. (1996). The economic value of grandparent assistance. Generations, Spring, 1996, 29-33.
 A review of a survey on how grandparents contribute to the economic well-being of their grandchildren, including those who do not live in the same household.

Bearon, L., Follet, K.J., & McCann, M. Meeting the Needs of North Carolina’s Grandparents Raising Grandchildren. Poster presented at University of North Carolina Institute on Aging, Chapel Hill, October 8, 1998.
Ordering Information: Luci Bearon, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Box 7605, Raleigh, NC 27695-7605; phone: 919-515-9146; fax: 919-515-2786; e-mail: luci_bearon@ncsu.edu

Berrick, J.D. (1997). Assessing quality of care in kinship and foster family care. Family Relations, 46, 273-280.
 This study includes a sample of 29 kin and 33 non-kin foster parents who participated in an in-home interview to assess quality of care. On a number of measures relating to the home environment, non-kin homes were rated as more safe.

Burnette, D. (1999). Custodial grandparents in Latino families: Patterns of service use and predictors of unmet needs. Social Work, 44, 22-34.
 Examines patterns of service use and predictors of unmet needs among a purposive sample of 74 Latino grandparent caregivers in New York City. Implications for policy and practice strategies that focus on role-related needs of Latino custodial grandparents are discussed.

Burton, L.M. (1992).  Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes and social service needs. The Gerontologist, 32, 744-751.
 This article reports findings from two qualitative studies of black grandparents and great-grandparents who are rearing their children’s children as a consequence of parental drug addition. Data were collected in two urban black communities from 60 grandmothers, grandfathers, and great-grandmothers.

Burton, L.M., Dilworth-Anderson, P., & Merriwether-deVried, C. (1995).  Context and surrogate parenting among contemporary grandparents. Marriage and Family Review, 20, 349-366.
 Here, explored are how three contexts of the life course influence surrogate  parenting responsibilities of grandparents: (1) temporal context, (2) developmental context, and, (3) ethnic/racial content. The implications of these contexts for the surrogate parenting role of grandparents relative to research, policy, programs, and education are discussed.

Casper, L.M, & Bryson, K.R. (1998). Co-resident grandparents and their grandchildren: Grandparent Maintained Families. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division Working Paper No. 26. [On-line], Available: www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0026/twps0026.html
 This paper uses the 1997 March Current Population Survey data in conjunction with data from past years to estimate how many grandparents maintain households for their grandchildren and how these numbers have changed since 1990. Five types of grandparent-maintained families are described. Using multivariate techniques, the researchers found that family structure does affect grandchildren’s economic, well-being.

Chalfie, D., (1994) Going It Alone: A closer look at grandparents raising grandchildren. A report by the American Association of Retired Persons, Washington, DC.
A report on information gathered as part of AARP Women's Initiative study of nontraditional households.
Ordering Information: AARP Women's Initiative, Special Activities Department, 601 E Street NW, Washington, DC  20049; phone: 1-800-424-3410; Website: www.aarp.org

Dressel, P.L. & Barnhill, S.K. (1994). Reframing gerontological thought and practice: The case of grandmothers with daughters in prison. The Gerontologist, 34, 685-691.
 With data from grandmothers with daughters in prison, this article illustrates the need to reconsider certain gerontological foci and assumptions about age as a master status, the absence of the middle generation in a growing number of families, and the anti-family premises of the generational equity debate. Includes recommendations for policy, programs, and service orientation.

 Edgar, J., & Lindley, M. (1998).  Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: A Family Challenge.  A report on the Illinois Department of Aging’s initiative to assist grandparent caregivers.
The report offers a detailed look at demographic data of grandparents: their age range, economic status, and family make-up as well as basic data about the grandchildren who reside in their homes.  It also discusses strategies designed to meet the needs of grandparents raising grandchildren, including an assessment of already available resources.
Ordering Information: Illinois Department on Aging, 421 East Capitol Avenue, #100, Springfield, Illinois 62701-1789; phone:  (217) 785-3356 Website: http://www.state.il.us/aging/

Fuller-Thomson, E., Minkler, M., & Driver, D.  (1997). A profile of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States. The Gerontologist, 37, 406-411
 This article examines the prevalence of grandparent caregiving in the U.S. and presents a national profile of grandparent caregivers based on current data from the National Survey of Families and Households.

Goldberg-Glen, R., Sands, R.G., Cole, R.D., & Cristofalo, C. (1998). Multigenerational patterns and internal structures in families in which grandparents raise grandchildren. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 79, 477-489.

Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children: An International Action Agenda.  Generations United Symposium, October, 1997.
A presentation of the intergenerational action plan developed by a panel of experts focusing on the growing number of grandparent- and relative-headed families.
Available: Generations United, 440 First Street, N.W., Suite 480, Washington, DC  20001-2085, phone: (202) 662-4283; e-mail: gu@cwla.org;  web: www.gu.org

Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children: Background Papers from Generations United's Expert Symposium. (1998).
Articles: Jackson, S.C. Supportive Services. Briefly outlines and discusses 16 needs of grandparents and other relative caregivers. Minkler, M. Intergenerational households headed by grandparents: Demographic and sociological contexts.  Reviews some demographic and social considerations of grandparent-headed households, including the causes, health problems, social isolation, and economic health.  Mullen, F. Grandparents raising grandchildren: Public benefits and programs. Examines how programs designed to assist children living in poverty fail to meet the needs of grandparent-headed households.
Available: Generations United, 440 First Street, N.W., Suite 480, Washington, DC  20001-2085, phone: (202) 662-4283; e-mail: gu@cwla.org; web: www.gu.org

 Harden, A.W., Clark, R.L., & Maguire, K. (1997). Informal and Formal Kinship Care. A report by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
This report presents the results of four separate, and relatively independent, research tasks, each approaching questions of the similarity between formal and informal kinship arrangements.  They use a different set of information tools to research the strict realm of child welfare policy to the broader arena of family supports and welfare reform.
Volume I: Narrative Reports; Volume II: Tables and Figures.
Ordering Information: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Division of Children and Youth Policy, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Room 450G, Washington, D.C. 20201; fax: 202-690-5514.  Report also available [on-line]: http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov

Hoffman, C., & Fisher, A. Families in Poverty: Parents with Disabilities and their Children. (1998). Wisconsin Council on Developmental Disabilities.
A briefing report on the effect of Wisconsin’s Welfare Reform Program on families headed by a parent who receives SSI because of a disability.
Ordering Information: Wisconsin Council on Developmental Disabilities, PO Box 7851, 600 Williamson Street, Madison, WI 53707-7851  (608)266-7826

Jendrek, M.P. (1994). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Circumstances and decisions. The Gerontologist, 34, 206-216.
 This article describes and analyzes the circumstances which led 114 primarily white grandmothers to provide regular care to their grandchildren. Examines types of parenting roles and whether the circumstances for providing care and decision to provide that care vary by the grandparents’ parenting role.

Jendrek, M.P. (1994). Policy concerns of white grandparents who provide regular care to their grandchildren. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 23, 175-200.
 Uses quantitative and qualitative data to examine the policy/program needs raised in the stories of a purposive sample of 114 primarily white, middle class grandparents who provide regular care to their grandchildren.

Jendrek, M.P. (1993). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Effects on lifestyle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 609-621.
 This study is based on a screening and in-depth interview with each of 114 grandparents who provide daily care to their grandchildren. Questions about the impact of providing care on the caregivers’ lives reveal changes in lifestyle, relationships with friends, relationships with family, and relationships with spouses.

Jones, L., & Kennedy, J. (1996). Grandparents united: Intergenerational developmental education. Child Welfare, LXXV (5), 636-650.

Karp, N. (1996). Legal problems of grandparents and other kinship caregivers. Generations, Spring, 57-60.
 Highlights some of the legal challenges grandparents face to obtain or maintain custody of their grandchildren.

Kelley, S.J., Yorker, B.C., & Whitley, D. (1997). To Grandmother’s House We Go … and Stay: Children Raised in Intergenerational Families. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, September, 13-20.
Discusses the phenomenon of grandparents raising grandchildren, the impact on grandparent caregivers, the special needs of their grandchildren, and the implications for nursing practice and research.

Kornhaber, A. (1996). Contemporary grandparenting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
 Contains chapter on review of research and extensive list of suggested reading (pp. 214-216) in addition to extensive reference list.

Marx, J., & Solomon, J.C. (1993). Health and school adjustment of children raised by grandparents. Sociological Focus, 26, 81-86.
Solomon, J.C. & Marx, J. (1995). “To grandmother’s house we go”: Health and school adjustment of children raised solely by grandparents. The Gerontologist, 35, 386-394.
 Both (nearly identical) articles review a study that uses the 1988 National Children’s Health Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey to address the general characteristics of grandparent-headed families, to compare health and school adjustment with children who live in traditional families, and to determine the influence of the grandparent’s age, presence of a grandfather, and the duration of the child’s stay on the grandchild’s adjustment.

Minkler, M. (1994). Grandparents as parents: The American experience. Aging International, March.
 Reviews health problems, economic difficulties, lack of government support, social isolation, and problems in raising high-risk children for grandparents raising grandchildren. Suggests interventions such as support groups, comprehensive programs, coalitions, and information centers.

Minkler, M., Driver, D., Rowe, K.M., & Bedeian, K. (1993). Community interventions to support grandparent caregivers. The Gerontologist, 33, 807-811.
 Community interventions and service programs for grandparents raising grandchildren are being identified and tracked through the Brookdale Grandparent Caregiver Information Project. This article provides and overview of 124 such efforts.

Minkler, M., Fuller-Thomson, E., Miller, D., & Driver, D. (1997). Depression in grandparents raising grandchildren. Archives of Family Medicine, 6, 445-452.
 This study assessed the effect of undertaking custodial care a grandchild on grandparents' depression levels and to determine what characteristics are associated with higher depression levels among caregiving grandparents. Based on data from the National Survey of Families and Households.

 Minkler, M. & Roe, K.M. (1996). Grandparents as surrogate parents. Generations, Spring, 34-38.
 Summarizes some of the problems and challenges faced by grandparent caregivers, with special attention to the health and social consequences of this role. Highlights some interventions to assist such grandparents and their families, and reviews implications for policy.

Minkler, M., Row, K.M., & Price, M. (1992). The physical and emotional health of grandmothers raising grandchildren in the crack cocaine epidemic. The Gerontologist, 32, 752-761.
 This article explores the physical and emotional health status of 71 African-American grandmothers raising their grandchildren as a result of the crack cocaine involvement of the children’s parents.

Morrow-Kondos, D., Weber, J.A., Cooper, K., & Hesser, J.L. (1997). Becoming parents again: Grandparents raising grandchildren. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 28, 35-46.
 The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the complex problems grandparents have when raising their grandchildren. Explores the stressors and perceived needs of this population.

Pearson, J.L., Hunter, A.G., Cook, J.M., Ialongo, N.S., & Kellam, S.G.  (1997). Grandmother involvement in child caregiving in an urban community. The Gerontologist, 37, 650-657.
 With a sample of grandmothers in East Baltimore, researchers examined the grandmothers’ rates of co-residence and their involvement in four parenting activities: organizing, setting rules, enforcing rules, and providing emotional support.

Pinson-Millburn, N.M., Fabian, E.S., Schlossberg, N.K., & Pyle, M. (1996). Grandparents raising grandchildren.  Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 548-554.
 Discusses major challenges facing grandparents as caregivers and their grandchildren and highlights the effect of these challenges upon both the caregivers and grandchildren.

Poe, L. M. (1992). Black grandparents as parents. Published by Lenora Madison Poe, 2034 Blake St., Berkeley, CA 94704.

Pruchno, R.A. & Johnson, K.W. (1996). Research on grandparenting: Review of current studies and future needs. Generations, Spring, 65-70.
 The current status of modern grandparenting (including custodial grandparenting) is discussed in a research review. Directions for future research are briefly discussed.

 Sanchez, F. & Oppenheim, S. (1996). California Policy Summit on Kinship Care Summary Report, California Department of Social Services, Concord, CA, Feb. 28-29, 1996.
Proceedings, issues and recommendations from the California Policy Summit on Kinship Care.
Ordering Information: Department of Social Services, 744 P Street, Sacramento, CA  95814

Silverstein, N.M., & Vehvilainen, L. (1998). Raising Awareness About Grandparents Raising Grandchildren in Massachusetts.  A report by the Gerontology Institute of the University of Massachusetts, Boston.
Findings of a study done in Boston of 134 grandparents raising grandchildren
Available: Publications, Gerontology Institute, University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393; Phone: 617-287-7300; fax: 617-287-7080;
e-mail: gerontology@umb.edu

Shore, R.J. & Hayslip, B. (1994). Custodial grandparenting: Implications for children's development. In A.E. Gottfried & A.W. Gottfried (Eds.), Refining families: Implications for children's development (pp.171-218). New York: Plenum Press.
 Book chapter provides an overview of grandparenting and intergenerational relationships and how these relationships influence the adult development of the grandparent as well as the development of the child.

Strom, R.D. & Strom, S.K. (1993). Grandparents raising grandchildren: Goals and support groups.  Educational Gerontology, 19, 705-715.
 Full-time grandparents often rely on support groups for advice and comfort. The merits of this approach are identified, along with ways to improve group interaction.

Thompson, R.A., Tinsley, B.R., Scalora, M.J., & Parke, R.D.  (1989). Grandparents’ visitation rights: Legalizing the ties that bind. American Psychologist, 44, 1217-1222.
 This psycholegal review critically examines the origins of justifications for the change in law which enforces visitation of grandparents with their grandchildren, some of the psychological assumptions underlying this policy, problems in judicial determinations of whether visitation is in the child’s best interests, and both intended and unintended consequences for family functioning arising from this policy.

Werner, P., Lowenstein, A., & Katz, R., (1998). The meaning of grandparenthood: A critical review and research agenda. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 10, 431-439.
Describes the status of research on the meaning of grandparenthood, and discuss its conceptual and methodological developments, especially regarding measurement issues. Correspondence: University of Haifa, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Studies, School of Social Work, The Center for Study & Research of Aging, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; wernerp@netvision.net.il

Wilson, D.B., & Allen, M.L. (1997, October). Kinship caregiving and the child welfare system. Paper presented at the expert symposium of Generations United: Grandparents and other relatives, Washington, DC.
 The paper highlights a number of questions about grandparents and other kin who are caring for children who are part of the formal child welfare system. Brief discussion of foster care system, federal law, and child welfare system.

Wilson, D.B. & S.S. Chipungu (Eds.). (1996), Kinship care. [Special Issue]. Child Welfare, LXXV (5).
 Contains articles on kinship care policy, research in kinship care, best practices, and kinship support and advocacy.

Woodworth, R.S. (1996). You’re not alone…You’re one in a million. Child Welfare, LXXV (5), 619-635.
 This article offers an understanding of the scope and circumstances of grandparents rearing grandchildren. Includes the major problems facing grandparent-headed families, avenues of assistance for them, and public policy considerations.